By increasing the development of nanotechnology in recent times, there have been many commercial products contain nanomaterials. Type of nanomaterials that most widely used is Titanium dioxide (TiO2). These nanomaterials have been applied in various types of products, such as paints, cosmetics, etc. Unlike organic and inorganic pollutants, study and characterization of metal nanoparticle (NP) contaminants, such as TiO2 NP, have never been done in any part of Indonesia. Therefore, given the greater source of NP contaminants plus their long-term negative effects, it is deemed necessary to identify and characterize them in Indonesia. For the first case, Identification and characterization of TiO2 NP were performed in sludge and wastewater of paint and cosmetic company in the area of West Bandung district. Furthermore, the sludge and surface water of Saguling Reservoir and Cipeusing River were also analysed. Morphological and size analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analyser (PSA) revealed that most samples have NPs with a sphere shape; however, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was only able to confirm the presence of titanium (Ti) element in sludge samples. Quantification of Ti (all ascribed to TiO2 NPs) in wastewater and sludge was done by graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS) with high precision and accuracy. The results implied that Ti was accumulated higher in the sludge than in the water samples at the same sampling location.
Due to nanotechnology's advancement, the application of nanomaterials in commercial products, including in sunscreens, has been increased rapidly. Physical sunscreens employ Titanium dioxide (TiO2) or Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles as UV filter materials. Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control regulates that TiO2 rutile polymorph, size distribution ≥30 nm, and maximum concentration of 25% are criteria for physical sunscreen marketed in Indonesia. However, most of these products do not indicate the detailed inorganic material information in the product ingredients, resulting in the increasing concern of nanoparticle's risk to human health and the environment. Therefore, the size, type of crystal structure, and amount of TiO2 or ZnO must be closely monitored. In this work, we investigated the morphological structure of TiO2, including quantified its concentration in some commercial sunscreens marketed in Indonesia. TiO2 was characterized using different characterization techniques. XRD analysis revealed that some studied sunscreens employed anatase TiO2, which is not suggested to be added in a sunscreen product. HRTEM analysis proved that the sizes of materials in sample S1-S3 are below 50 nm, and silica-coated TiO2 was observed in S4. Quantification of Titanium using GF-AAS yielded Ti's concentration in the range of 1400-7800 µg g -1 (0.14-0.79%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the physical properties and the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in commercial sunscreen marketed in Indonesia.
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