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Background: Values used by the nursing profession are essential in order to maintain high standards of the nursing care. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the perspective of nursing students from type Ι and III universities of medical sciences about professional values of nursing in Iran. Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional survey, we investigated the professional values of nursing profession among 240 B.Sc. (Bachelor of Science) in nursing students randomly selected from three type I and five type III universities in Iran in 2011. A two-part questionnaire containing demographic features and the Nursing Professional Values Scale-Revised (NPVS-R) developed by Weis and Schank with 26 Likert-scale items was used after translation and validation. Results: The mean scores of the NPVS-R items on the five point Likert-type scales for students of type Ι ranged from 2.79 to 4.08. Also, the mean scores of items for the students of type III ranged from 3.03 to 4.43. The most important and least important items identified by the participants of type I universities were the "maintain competency in area of practice "and "participate in peer review", respectively. The most important and least important items identified by the participants of type III universities were the "maintain confidentiality of patient" and "participate in public policy decisions affecting distribution of resources", respectively. Examination of the participants by families' economic condition revealed significant differences in some of the scores about the NPVS-R statements (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study did not show any significant difference between perspectives of students studying in type I and III universities regarding nursing professional values. Moreover, both groups of nursing students rated the values directly related to patient care as the most important. Integrated planning and teaching methods is required to enhance all fields of the professional values in nursing.

Background and objective: The problems caused by diabetes have direct and indirect impacts on the quality of life of diabetic patients. An increase of these problems means a decrease in a patient’s quality of life. This study was conducted to assess the effect of the educational programme based on the precede model in promoting quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes. Design and methods: This pre- and post-intervention quasi-experimental study was conducted on 78 patients with type 2 diabetes who were referred to a diabetes clinic in Minoodasht, Iran. The educational programme was based on the precede model and patients’ educational needs were included in the design. The data were collected using two questionnaires, including The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaire and the precede model-based educational questionnaire. The subjects were followed for one month after intervention to identify the role of educational intervention them. The data were analyzed by paired sample t-test, variance of analysis test and bivariate correlation test using SPSS version 15. Results: After the intervention, the mean score of quality of life increased from 80.39 ± 11.35 to 81.35 ± 8.31. No significant difference existed in the total score of quality of life after intervention, but there were significant differences in physical health ( p < 0.05), self-evaluation of quality of life by patients ( p < 0.01), and self-assessment of health by patients after educational intervention. In addition, no significant differences were observed between demographic parameters and quality of life, except in the number of children. Conclusion: The educational programme based on the precede model was effective in improving the quality of life of patients with regard to physical health and self-assessment of their health status.

Background and Aim: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory lesion. Psychological stress occurs when someone senses that environmental demands exceed his/her adaptive capability. Stress, anxiety, and depression have frequently been mentioned as possible factors related to the development of OLP, although this association remains controversial. In most studies, a positive correlation was found between psychological stress and OLP, although some found no significant association. In this review, we assess the possible role of psychological stress in the etiopathogenesis of OLP. Materials and Methods: The methodological approach of this study was to search major databases from 1985-2014, using "oral lichen planus"," stress", "anxiety", "depression" and "psychological disorder" as search terms. Results: A total of 45 scientific papers and abstracts in English were reviewed, and 10 articles met the necessary requirements. Stress evaluation methods of these articles were questionnaire, genetic polymorphisms at DNA level, measurement of body substances like hormones, and effect of drug therapy of psychiatric disorders on OLP patients. In order to include a study, OLP in patients must have been proven by clinical and histopathological criteria. Exclusion criteria were not explicit stating the OLP diagnosis, an inadequate number of the test subject in experimental and control groups, discrepancy (inconsistency) in sex and age between the case and control groups, and unreliable method of stress measurements. Conclusion: Higher levels of stress in patients with OLP were confirmed. Reducing psychological stress and well-being of patients is an important factor that should be considered in the treatment of OLP.