A formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that is waterbearing. Artesian conditions, Occurrence of ground water under sufficient pressure to rise above the level at which it is encountered by a well, but which does not necessarily rise to or above the surface of the ground.-Base flow, Sustained or fair-weather flow. In most streams, base flow is composed largely of groundwater discharge. Bed material, Sediment deposited on the surface of a stream bed. Carbonate hardness, Hardness of water due to calcium and magnesium bicarbonate and (or) carbonate. Clay, Sediment composed of particles having diameters less than 0.004 mm. Color (of water), A visual effect due to material in solution. Cone of depression, The depression, roughly conical in shape, produced in a water table or piezometric surface by pumping (or artesian flow). Correlation, coefficient of, A measure of the degree of relationship between variables. Numerically, the coefficient of correlation (r) ranges from 0 (no correlation) to ± 1 (perfect correlation). The sign is positive if the dependent variable (ordinate value) increases with increases of the independent variable (abscissa value); negative if the dependent variable decreases with an increase in the independent variable. Discharge area, Area of land or body of surface water where ground water discharges naturally directly from the zone of saturation. Dissolved solids, Residue from a clear measured sample of water after evaporation and drying for 1 hour at 180°C. Expressed as parts per million. Drainage area, The area above a specified location that contributes water to a stream. It is measured in a horizontal plane, which is enclosed by a topographic divide in such a way that direct surface runoff from precipitation normally would drain by gravity into the stream above the specified point. Flow-duration curve, A cumulative frequency curve that shows the percentage of time that specified discharges are equaled or exceeded. Fluvial sediment, Fragmental material transported by, suspended in, or deposited by water. Gaging station, A particular site on a stream, canal, lake, or reservoir where systematic observations of gage height or discharge are obtained. A primary gaging station provides a long-term sample of the rate and amount of flow in the hydrologic province for which it serves as an index station. A secondary station provides a short-term sample of rate and flow in an area, which, through correlation techniques, can be related to flow at a primary gaging station. A partial-record station is a particular site where limited streamflow data are collected over a period of years. Ground water, The part of subsurface water that is in the zone of saturation. Hardness, The effect of calcium, magnesium, and other cations having soapconsuming and encrusting properties. Expressed as the calcium carbonate (CaCOs) equivalent in parts per million. m IV GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS Mean annual flood, The flood having a recurrence interval of 2.33 years. Micromicro, Prefix meaning 10~12 ; symbo...
Selected references_______________________________________________ iii 19. Low-flow frequency curves, Hudson River at Mechanicville__ 20. Stages of annual floods, Hudson River at Green Island, water years 1931-55____________^_______________________ 21. Flood-stage frequency graph, Hudson River at Mechanicvine. ___________________________________________ 40 22. Water-surface profiles during selected floods, Hudson River from lock 4 to Castleton-on-Hudson____________________ 23. Duration curve of daily flow, Hoosic River near Eagle Bridge. 24. Low-flow frequency curves, Hoosic River near Eagle Bridge._ 25. Section showing unconsolidated deposits along the Hudson River between Troy and Castleton-on-Hudson___________ CONTENTS V Page 26. Magnitude and number of floods, by months, Hudson River at Green Island______________________________________ D49 27. Flood-stage frequency curve, Hudson River at Green Island; based on records for water years 1931-55________________ 28. Duration curve of daily flow, Poesten Kill near Troy______ 51 29. Low-flow frequency curves, Poesten Kill near Troy_________ 30. Water used during 1953____-__-___________________ TABLES TABLE 1. Yields, composition, and relative importance of water-bearing Page formations in the Albany-Schenectady-Troy area.________ Dll 2. Water levels reported from wells in geologic formations in the Albany-Schenectady-Troy area, 1945-49_______________ 13 3. Chemical analyses of selected samples of ground water._____ 16 4. Summary of streamflow data___________________________ 18 5. Chemical analyses of selected samples of surface water._____ 24 6. Duration of low flow of selected small streams _____________ 29 7. Magnitude and frequency of annual low flow of selected small streams _____________________________________________ 30 8. Major public water-supply systems.______________________ 34 9. Chemical analyses of finished water from public water-supply systems.____________________________________________ 10.
The area uses 78 mgd (million gallons per day) of water annually, most of which comes from the Naugatuck and Pequabuck Rivers and their tributaries; the rest is ground water. The surface-water supply is more than sufficient for further demands, but in many areas it is restricted for use because of pollution. The ground water is generally of acceptable quality, but is often available in amounts sufficient only for domestic use.In the Waterbury area, the Naugatuck River and other surface-water sources supply 96 percent of the water. The riverflow averages 307 mgd a few miles below Waterbury. The quality varies with the amount of flow and industrial recharge; the temperature ranges from around freezing in the winter to 80° F. in the summer. Moderate supplies of water of good quality are available in the alluvium along the streams. The area used approximately 70 mgd in 1959, 82 percent in industry.In the Bristol area, the Pequabuck River supplies most of the necessary water. The chemical quality of the river seems very good and the average flow in the area is 56.3 mgd. Small to moderate supplies are drawn from the sand and gravel deposits near the rivers and throughout the area. It is estimated that the area used 2.5 billion gallons in 1959.In the rural area, small quantities of generally good quality water are available from the glacial deposits and bedrock. The total use of water (mostly domestic) in this area, in 1959, was 345 million gallons.Included in the report are water analyses, flow records, and well records which give more detailed information for present and future development of the area's water resources.
The location of industrial plants is dependent on an ample water supply of suitable le quality. Information relating to the chemical characteristics of the water supplies is not only essential to the location of many plants but also is an aid in the manufacture and distribution of many commodities. Public water supplies are utilized extensively as a source of supply for many industrial plants, used either as delivered for domestic consumption or with further treatment if necessary to meet specific needs of the plant, such as water for processing, cooling, and steam generation. The industrial use of water in the United States in 1950 was estimated to be more than 75 billion gallons per day from private sources. • In addition, about 6 billion gallons per day was estimated to be taken• from public water supplies. U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 658, "The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1932" contains information pertaining to the public water supplies of 670 of the larger cities throughout the United States. This report, which is still in print and being distributed, has filled an important need in the field of water-supply engineering. The demand for more up-to-date information and more extended coverage has led to studies by the Geological Survey for revision of the information contained in the 1932 report. The revised report, which will include data pertaining to public water supplies of more than 1, 200 cities in the United States, will eventually be published as a Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper. However, in order t)lat the information might be available at the earliest possible time, nine preliminary reports are being issued which give data on the larger cities in each state. These nine reports are being released as Geological Survey Circulars, each covering a group of states as delineated by the Bureau of Census in taking the census of the population of the country. (See fig~ 1). The reports give descriptive information and analytical data for approximately three-fourths of the cities that will be included in the final report for each of the •states. This circular is the seventh of the series and includes data for the States of
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