Objective-To examine the practical aspects, accuracy, and reproducibility of 2 new automatic handheld tonometers in dogs and compare them with results for 2 established applanation tonometers. Animals-15 freshly enucleated canine eyes for manometric evaluation and 20 conscious research dogs, 20 client-owned dogs, and 12 dogs with acute glaucoma for clinical tonometry.
SUMMARYMedetomidine, a highly specific a-2 adrenergic agonist, has been demonstrated to lower intraocular pressure (lOP) in rabbits and cats when applied topically. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of intravenously injected medetomidine on the pupil size (PS) and the IOP of non glaucomatous dogs.
The combined occurrence of ocular pigment deposition and glaucoma has been described in Cairn Terriers. Recently, this condition was also observed in two other breeds: the Boxer (two cases) and the Labrador Retriever (one case). Six dogs were referred to the Ophthalmology section of the Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and to a private referral clinic because of glaucoma or blindness in one or both eyes. In five cases ophthalmic examination showed pigment depositions in the sclera around the entire circumference of the perilimbal zone. Eight enucleated eyes (four eyes of two Cairn Terriers, three eyes of two Boxers and one eye of a Labrador Retriever) were examined microscopically. All eyes showed the same findings: an extensive infiltration of large melanin-containing cells with an eccentric nucleus, located in the iris, ciliary body, retina, choroids and sclera. Transmission electron microscopy of two of the examined eyes revealed that the morphology of most of these cells was consistent with melanophages. While reports in the veterinary literature concerning this condition are limited the cells concerned have been described to be melanocytes. Further research is needed to conclusively identify the cell type. As described in the present report, the histologic and transmission electron microscopic findings suggest a different etiology of the ocular pigment deposition and glaucoma compared with the pigment dispersal syndrome in humans.
This study provides scanning electron microscopic observations on the early morphogenesis of persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis and primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV) in canine fetuses at days 28 35 postcoitum (D28 and D35). From previous studies regarding PHTVL/PHPV it is known that a retrolental plaque of fibrovascular tissue is present in eyes of affected canine fetuses from the D33 stage. The contribution of vitreous cells to the formation of the plaque is supported by the results of this study. The lens capsules at the stages described were not found to contain abnormalities such as transparent (thinner) parts or rents, as have been described for postnatal cases of PHTVL/PHPV. These findings support the hypothesis that the capsular anomalies observed in postnatal patients are secondary entities.
Ultrasonography was performed on a Basset hound and a Doberman clinically suspected of persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis/persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. In both dogs, hyperechoic lenses with a triangular-shaped echodense structure retrolentally were visible, and a very thin hyperechoic strand was seen penetrating the anechoic vitreous from this retrolental tissue to the area of the optic nerve. Using color Doppler imaging, blood flow was evident in parts of the retina in both dogs. With power Doppler imaging there was blood flow in the lens and hyperechoic strand of the Basset hound on the first examination; whereas, on re-examination 5 months later, this was not found. Other abnormalities, such as retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, microphthalmia, and posterior neoplasia could be excluded.
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