This study provides Class IV evidence that natalizumab, 300 mg IV once every 28 days, decreased EDSS scores in pediatric patients with MS over a mean treatment period of 15.2 months.

Homocysteine increases in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke and from the acute to the convalescent phase, suggesting that hyper-homocysteinaemia may be a consequence rather than a causal factor. Therefore we measured homocysteine plasma levels in stroke patients in order to investigate possible correlations of homocysteine with stroke severity and clinical outcome. Further we looked for eventual differences in stroke subtypes. We prospectively studied plasma homocysteine levels in acute stroke patients admitted to the stroke unit of our department. Seven hundred and seventy-five ischaemic stroke patients, 39 cerebral haemorrhages and 421 healthy control subjects have been enrolled. Stroke severity and clinical outcome were measured with the Scandinavian Stroke Scale, the Rankin Scale and the Barthel Index. Stroke severity by linear stepwise regression analysis was not an independent determinant of plasma homocysteine levels. Homocysteine was not correlated with outcome measured by the Barthel Index. Mean plasma homocysteine of both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke was significantly higher than controls (p<0.05). Homocysteine had an adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 4.2 (95% CI 2.77-6.54) for ischaemic stroke and of 3.69 (95% CI 1.90-7.17) for haemorrhagic stroke. Compared with the lowest quartile, the upper quartile was associated with an adjusted OR of ischaemic stroke due to small artery disease of 17.4 (95% CI 6.8-44.3). Homocysteine in the acute phase of stroke was not associated with stroke severity or outcome. Elevated plasma homocysteine in the acute phase of stroke was associated with both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Higher levels are associated with higher risk of small artery disease subtype of stroke.

In order to study the role of platelets in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) we assessed, in a group of patients during a quiescent phase of the disease, the plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) and platelet factor four (PF4) both in absence of treatment and during administration of aspirin (ASA) at the dose of 50 mg/daily. In the MS patients studied, the basal plasma levels of beta-TG and PF4 were significantly higher than in control subjects. The increase in the beta-TG plasma levels occurred independently of the age, sex and severity of the disease, whereas the modification in the PF4 plasma levels was significantly correlated with the severity of the disease. Administration to the patients of ASA, at the dose that does not affect prostacyclin production, determined a decrease of beta-TG in 77% of the patients. Mean PF4 plasma levels remained unchanged. These results suggest that PF4 in the plasma of MS patients may originate not only from the platelets but also from the mast cells following platelet aggregating factor (PAF) stimulation and immunocomplex formation.

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Though recent progress in multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment is remarkable, numerous unmet needs remain to be addressed often inducing patients to look for complementary and alternative medicines (CAM), especially herbal remedies (HR). HR use, scarcely investigated in MS, may cause adverse reactions (AR) and interfere with conventional treatment. We performed a survey aimed at evaluating use and attitudes towards HR and factor associated to HR use. Other CAM use and attitudes have been investigated as well. Multiple-choice questionnaires were distributed to MS out patients attending 14 Italian referral Centers. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify HR use determinants. Present/past HR use for either MS or other diseases was reported in 35.6 % of 2419 cases (95 % CI 36.0-40.0 %). CAM use was reported in 42.5 % of cases. Independent predictors of HR use were represented by higher education, geographic area, dissatisfaction with conventional treatment of diseases other than MS and benefit perception from CAM use. Both HR and CAM use were not always disclosed to the healthcare professional. In conclusion, HR and other CAM appear to be popular among MS patients. The involvement of the healthcare professionals appears to be scarce with potential risk of AR or interference with conventional treatments.