Abstract-This paper presents a comparative review study on ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna technology for Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) applications. The proposed antenna designs for UWB ground penetrating radar include a bow-tie antennas, Vivaldi antennas, horn antennas, planar antennas, tapered slot antennas, dipole antennas, and spiral antennas. Furthermore a comprehensive study in terms of operating frequency range, gain and impedance bandwidth on each antenna is performed in order to select a suitable antenna structure to analyze it for GPR systems. Based on the design comparison, the antenna with a significant gain and enhanced bandwidth has been selected for future perspective to examine the penetration depth and resolution imaging, simultaneously suitable for GPR detection applications. Three different types of antennas are chosen to be more suitable from the final comparison which includes Vivaldi, horn and tapered slot antennas. On further analysis a tapered slot antenna is a promising candidate as it has the ability to address the problems such as penetration depth and resolution imaging in GPR system due to its directional property, high gain and greater bandwidth operation, both in the lower and higher frequency range.
An electrically steerable beam is an essential standard in the recent wireless application in order to increase the gain and reduce the interference. However, high performance of amplitude besides low phase error difficult to achieve without indicators are used to set lens parameters to desired optimum performance design level. In this paper, the introduced microstrip lens has examined a comprehensive explanation for parameters and indications amid a full wave structure methodology. Further, Phase and energy coupling between excited ports and received ports besides phase error and its relation with the lens parameters design are explained in detailed. A wideband beamforming network based on a printed microstrip Rotman lens with a ±26 o scanning angle was designed in this study. The designed lens operates at 2.45 GHz with 592 MHz bandwidth. The lens consists of five switchable ports (input ports) with four output ports that connected to the microstrip patch antennas. The five switchable ports were used to realize the scanning beams angle in the azimuth plane. The proposed model is simulated by CST Microwave Studio and fabricated on FR-4 with 1.565 mm thickness and 4.2 permittivity. A good agreement between simulation and measurement results were achieved.
<span>With the advancement in technology, antennae are becoming a popular components to be used in various applications. Following the trend, a compact design of ultra-wideband (UWB) bistatic configuration of the antenna is presented in this paper using ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology specifically for detection applications. The antenna is first designed and simulated using defected ground structure (DGS) for impedance bandwidth with the obtained gain of around 6.2 dB and return losses from 3-16 GHz. Later the complete detection model is aimed to study and for this purpose CST is used to model human skin and performed an experiment based on antennas i.e. transmitter and receiver, obstacle and target, to study and analyze the received antenna reflections for detection purpose.</span>
A reduction in physical size and multiband capability are important design requirements for antenna in future wireless devices. Designed process involved a mathematical analysis, numerical methods simulation and experimental measurement on fabricated antenna. The design and simulation process on purpose antenna was carried out using Microwave Office software. Then the proposed antenna was fabricated on FR4 Epoxy/glass substrate at KUiTTHO Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Fabrication Laboratory. Fractal antenna properties were observed from the measurement of return loss, standing wave ratio (SWR) bandwidth, beamwidth and also radiation pattern are presented in this project. Global Positioning System (GPS at 1.5 GHz) and Global System for Mobile (GSM 1800) frequencies are used as references frequency. The overall results were obtained and satisfied the fractal structure and fractal concept which is the fabricated antenna showed multiband frequencies when iteration is done and the size of antenna turn out to be smaller.
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