Background
Congenital malaria, which is caused by vertical transmission of malaria parasites, is a potentially fatal condition. Despite Africa’s high malaria burden, congenital malaria is not routinely screened for, and thus may go undiagnosed. Malaria, if not treated promptly, can quickly progress to severe forms and result in death. Severe congenital malaria is believed to be uncommon in neonates due to maternal antibodies, fetal haemoglobin, and the placenta’s sieving effect. The majority of reported cases were classified as having severe anaemia. Following a thorough review of the literature, only one case of congenital cerebral malaria (CCM) has been reported, and it was misdiagnosed.
Case presentation
A 5-day-old Nigerian neonate born to an apparently healthy mother initially displayed characteristics consistent with neonatal sepsis and severe neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. He quickly developed characteristics consistent with meningitis. Surprisingly, the peripheral blood film revealed evidence of malaria parasites, which was immediately confirmed by Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood film microscopy for malaria. The patient was diagnosed with congenital cerebral malaria. The medication was modified to parenteral artesunate followed by oral artemisinin combination therapy. The neonate recovered fully and had no neurological deficits on follow up.
Conclusion
Because CCM and infant meningitis have similar clinical presentations, CCM could be misdiagnosed and lead to death if there isn’t a high index of suspicion.
Severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia remains a cause of neurologic damage in children in low-income countries. Phototherapy, which is the standard of care for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is not only necessary but an essential neonatal service that should be readily available in all health facilities with maternal and newborn services. The study describes the availability and distribution of phototherapy service in secondary health facilities in Southeast Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in four of the largest cities in Southeast Nigeria using purposive and convenient sampling methods. A questionnaire was administered and information regarding the availability of phototherapy machines, its use and availability of personnel was obtained. A total of 77 facilities were surveyed. Fifty-five (71.4%) of the studied facilities manage jaundice in their facility. Of these, 45/55 (81.8%) use phototherapy in the management of jaundice in newborns. The most used phototherapy is Light-Emitting Diode (LED) (42.2%). Others were fluorescent (26.6%), fabricated LED (11.1%) and fabricated fluorescent (20%). Routine serum bilirubin assay was done in 60 (77.9%) facilities even though majority was done in laboratories outside the facility. Non-invasive serum bilirubin monitoring was available in only two facilities. Only 21 (47.7%) had a servicing protocol for their phototherapy machines, and just 12 (27.7%) of these services were offered by a biomedical engineer. Phototherapy use in secondary health facilities is suboptimal. There is urgent need for states health authorities to collaborate with private health facilities especially those offering maternal and child services in provision of phototherapy machines and help in the training health workers for optimal management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
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