Numerous health effects of smoking are well-known; associations with semen quality are uncertain. Cigarette smoking may be associated with sub-fertility in males and may result in decreased sperm concentration, lower sperm motility, and a reduced percentage of morphologically normal sperm respectively Semen analysis is a simple, cost effective screening test for evaluation of male in laboratory & clinics, which provides information on quantitative and qualitative aspects of testicular function. Except in cases of azoospermia, semen analysis does not separate patients in to sterile and fertile group. Objective: The present study was undertaken to perform the quantitative and qualitative Analysis of Semen and to compare the sperm parameters in smokers and non-smokers. Materials and methods: The following males were excluded from the study groups: 1. Those suffering from azoospermia or secondary infertility; 2. Ex-smokers and ex-alcoholics, or those with history of tobacco/betel nut chewing or substance abuse; 3. Those with history of prolonged medication, intake of indigenous medications/herbal preparations/tonics, occupational exposure to chemicals; or excessive heat; 4. History of injury to testes, varicocele, hydrocele, undescended testis. A total of 200 cases, retrospective and prospective from September 2018 to January 2021 were included in the study. Results: Compared with non-smokers, smokers had a significant decrease in semen volumes, rapid progressive motility and sperm viability moreover, smokers had a significant increase in the levels of immotile sperms and semen leukocytes, pH and sperm concentration were not significant. Sperm motion parameters were all lower in the smokers. Normal morphology sperm was decreased significantly in smokers. The sperm morphology was worse with increasing degree of smoking. Compared, the overall quality of sperm was significantly decreased in smokers when compared with non-smokers. Conclusion: Semen parameters like, volume, motility, count, liquifraction time, viscocity morphologically normal spermatozoa were reduced in cigarette smokers when compared to Nonsmokers, but sperm count was found to have a decrease in Smokers, when compared to Non-smokers. Liquifraction time and viscocity of semen was variable .In concordance with other researchers, results of present study support that cigarette smoking have a relatively significant effect on semen.
: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP) presents as a primary form characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 100 × 109/L)
BACKGROUND Solid pseudopapillary tumour of the pancreas is a rare tumour of low malignant potential occurring predominantly in young females. Its incidence has been increasing due to advanced imaging modalities. As this tumour offers a good prognosis, it is important to make a proper diagnosis to offer better treatment and reduce morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective study for a period of 2 years (From May 2014 to April 2016). Of the 52 pancreatic specimens we received after surgery, 9 cases had a prior radiological diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary tumour of the pancreas. The clinical and histopathological characteristics of SPT were studied along with review of literature. Whipple resection specimens which were radiologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma of the periampullary region were excluded. RESULTS Nine cases were reported radiologically as papillary neoplasm of pancreas. On histopathology, 8 of them were confirmed as solid pseudopapillary tumours of the pancreas. One was a case of serous cystadenoma and other one was pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour. One case which was suspected as pancreatic endocrine tumour radiologically was diagnosed as SPT. CONCLUSION SPT typically is limited to the pancreas at the time of diagnosis, and even with metastasis, an extended complete surgical excision offers good prognosis. Hence, it is important to distinguish it from other tumours of similar morphology. In this study, we discuss the process of establishing the diagnosis accurately of SPN in young patients presenting with pancreatic mass.
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