Pressurized irrigation systems are widespread among other alternatives in Mediterranean countries. Since the initial investment costs of pressurized irrigation systems are quite high, it is crucial to determine design parameters such as pipe diameter. Most of the current optimization techniques for pipe diameter selection are based on linear, non-linear, and dynamic programming models. The ultimate aim of these techniques is to produce solutions to problems with less cost and computation time. In this study, a novel approach for determining pipe diameter was proposed using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) as an alternative to existing models. For this purpose, three pressurized irrigation systems were investigated. Different ANN architectures were created and tested using hydrant level parameters of the irrigation systems, such as irrigated area per hydrant, hydrant discharge, pipe length, and hydrant elevation. Different training algorithms, transfer functions, and hidden neuron numbers were tried to determine the best ANN model for each irrigation system. Using multilayer feed-forward ANN architecture, the highest coefficients of determination were found to be 0.97, 0.93, and 0.83 for irrigation systems investigated. It was concluded that pipe diameters could be determined by using artificial neural networks in the planning of pressurized irrigation systems.
In this study, COPAM (Combined Optimization and Performance Analysis Model) software revealing optimum design possibilities and performance analysis of pressurized irrigation systems, was applied to on-demand pressurized irrigation system in Uludag University Agricultural Application and Research Centre, Bursa, Turkey. The system reliability, hydrant pressure heads, upstream elevation, discharges and pipe diameters related to this irrigation system were analyzed with COPAM software which have a variety of analysis tools. Analysis results showed that there were no deficiencies of performance in the hydrant level of the examined system. Furthermore, pipe diameters of the existing irrigation network were recalculated with COPAM as an alternative scenario and the system performance was reanalyzed based on the new pipe diameters obtained. As a result of this analysis, it wasn't seen any difference in the system performance, although total pipe cost was reduced by 16%.
Field research was carried out in a sub humid climate at the Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey. Using the yield data obtained from the field research for 2011 and 2012, a partial economic analysis was conducted for watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris, var. Crimson Sweet) at four drip irrigation treatments of full irrigation [FI, 100% evapotranspiration (ET c )] and deficit irrigation (DI) [75% FI, 50% FI and 25% FI] and then compared to both physical and economic water use efficiency (WUE). Total costs and net incomes differed among irrigation strategies. Marketable yield (MY) and net income to land decreased with decreases in the amount of irrigation. The highest MY and net income to land were obtained with the full irrigation treatment. The results showed that full irrigation is recommended under non-water-limiting environments for higher yield and net income. The highest net income to water, physical WUE and economic WUE values were resulted from the 75% FI. With consideration to net income and water use efficiency, deficit irrigation management strategy of 75% FI under water-limiting conditions can be preferable, because it achieved irrigation water savings of 25%, an increase of 9% in crop water use efficiency and an acceptable net income with a yield loss of only approximately 8% compared with full irrigation. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, daha yüksek verim ve net kazanç için suyun kısıtlı olmadığı çevrelerde tam sulama konusu tavsiye edilmektedir. Birim su başına net kazanç, fiziksel WUE ve ekonomik WUE' nin en yüksek değerleri %75 FI denemesinden elde edilmiştir. Net kazanç ve su kullanım etkinliği birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, suyun kısıtlı olduğu koşullarda %75 FI kısıntılı sulama stratejisi tercih edilebilir. Bu strateji ile tam sulama konusuna kıyasla %25 sulama suyu tasarrufu, bitki su kullanım etkinliğinde %9'luk bir artış ve yalnızca %8'lik bir verim azalmasıyla kabul edilebilir düzeyde net kazanç elde edilmiştir.
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