Pushing behavior impairs people’s sense of well-being in a crowd and represents a significant safety risk. There are nevertheless still a lot of unanswered questions about who behaves how in a crowded situation, and when, where, and why pushing behavior occurs. Beginning from the supposition that a crowd is not thoroughly homogenous and that behavior can change over time, we developed a method to observe and rate forward motion. Based on the guidelines of quantitative content analysis, we came up with four categories: (1) falling behind, (2) just walking, (3) mild pushing, and (4) strong pushing. These categories allow for the classification of the behavior of any person at any time in a video, and thereby the method allows for a comprehensive systematization of individuals’ actions alongside temporal crowd dynamics. The application of this method involves videos of moving crowds including trajectories. The initial results show a very good inter-coder reliability between two trained raters demonstrating the general suitability of the system to describe forward motion in crowds systematically and quantify it for further analysis. In this way, pushing behavior can be better understood and, prospectively, risks better identified. This article offers a comprehensive presentation of this method of observation.
Bu makalenin amacı Türkiye'de Suriyeli mültecilerden algılanan tehditte sosyal kimlik ve değerlerin (evrenselcilik ve güvenlik gibi) rolünü yerli göçmen bakış açısıyla incelemektir. Araştırmanın kuramsal çerçevesini Bütünleşik Tehdit Kuramı, Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı ve Değerler kuramının temel kavramları arasındaki ilişkiler temelinde önerdiğimiz bir süreç modeli oluşturmuştur. Bu model, yerli göçmenlerin evsahibi kentle özdeşleşmeleriyle Suriyeli mültecilerden algıladıkları gerçekçi (fiziksel varlığa ve kaynaklara yönelik) ve sembolik (kültürel varlığa yönelik) tehdit arasında olumlu bir ilişki öngörmekte, ancak bu ilişkinin iç grubu koruyucu (muhafazacılık) değerler yoluyla güçleneceğini, dış grupları kapsayıcı (özaşkınlık) değerler yoluyla da zayıflayacağını yordamaktadır. İzmir'e 15 yaşından sonra yerleşmiş 219 yetişkinin (21-53 yaş, %50 erkek) gerçekçi ve sembolik tehdit, kent kimliği ("İzmirlilik") ve özaşkınlık ve muhafazacılık ölçeklerine verdikleri yanıtların Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) yoluyla analizi bu beklentileri doğrulamıştır. Bulgular, kent kimliği arttıkça Suriyelilerden algılanan tehdidin de arttığını, bu ilişkinin kısmen, güvenlik, topluma uyum ve gelenekselciliği vurgulayan muhafazacılık değerleri yoluyla güçlendiğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca, kent kimliği ile Suriyelilerden algılanan tehdit arasındaki olumlu ilişki evrenselcilik ve iyilikseverlik vurgulu değerler yoluyla zayıflamıştır. Bu bulgular, önerilen süreç modelinin genel olarak dış gruplara özel olarak da Suriyeli mültecilere yönelik önyargı ve gruplararası çatışmaları anlamaya katkısı açısından tartışılmıştır.
Interruptions are a part of our everyday lives. They are inevitable in complex societies, especially when many people move from one place to another as a part of their daily routines. The main aim of this research is to understand the effects of interruptions on individuals from a psychological and crowd dynamics perspective. Two studies were conducted to investigate this issue, with each focusing on different types of interruptions and examining their psychological (emotion, motivation, arousal) and physiological (heart rate) components. Study 1 examined interruptions in a video game setting and systematically varied goal proximity (N = 61). It was hypothesized that being interrupted in the later stages of goal pursuit would create a high aroused impatience state, while interruptions in the earlier stages would produce a low aroused boredom state. However, the results showed that the hypothesized groupwise differences were not observed. Instead, interruptions created annoyance in all conditions, both psychologically and physiologically. Study 2 investigated interruptions in pedestrian crowds (N = 301) and used a basic motivational dichotomy of high and low motivation. In the experiments, crowds (80–100 participants) were asked to imagine that they were entering a concert hall consisting of a narrow bottleneck. The low motivation group reported feeling bored during the interruption, while the high motivation group reported feeling impatient. Additionally, a motivational decrease was observed for the high motivation group due to the interruption. This drop in motivation after the interruption is also reflected in the measured density (person/m2) in front of the bottleneck. Overall, both studies showed that interruption can have significant effects on individuals, including psychological and physiological impacts. The observed motivational decrease through interruption is particularly relevant for crowd management, but further investigation is needed to understand the context-specific effects of interruptions.
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