ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of conservative treatment (cast immobilization) for complex intra-articular distal radius fractures (AO type C) in elderly patients and to determine whether or not the application of a volar locking plate (VLP) is necessary.MethodsA retrospective study on patients treated at two different clinics was conducted between 2014 and 2016. A total of 49 elderly patients ≥60 years old were treated either operatively with volar locking plate fixation (n = 25; 7 males and 18 females; mean age: 66.6 ± 7.4 years) or conservatively with cast immobilisation (n = 24; 7 males and 17 females; mean age: 68.9 ± 8.7 years) for complex intra-articular distal fractures. Clinical, functional and radiological evaluations were conducted at the final follow-up examinations of the patients.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of patients with respect to the follow-up periods, gender, age and fracture type (p > 0.05). At the end of mean follow-up time of 16 months the grip strength (p = 0.03), radial tilt (p = 0.06), radial inclination (p = 0.01), radial height (p = 0.01) and articular step-off (p = 0.02) were significantly better in the volar locking plate group, while there was no significant difference between the functional results (based on the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score) (p = 0.8) and range of motion. The grip strength was significantly higher in the VLP group when compared to the cast group (p = 0.03).ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that the locking plate fixation for the complex intra-articular distal radius fractures provides better results for the grip strength and radiographic parameters than cast immobilization in patients ≥60 years old, while no difference was found between the clinical and functional results.Level of EvidenceLevel III, Therapeutic Study.

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Background and objectives: This study prospectively compares early results of Kinesio tape (KT) as an alternative method for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis with those of corticosteroid injection and the rest-and-medication group (RMG). Materials and methods: Among the fifty patients (53 elbows), KT was applied to 20 patients (21 elbows), and corticosteroid injection (CSI) was applied to 15 patients (17 elbows). Fifteen patients were included in the RMG. Patients in the RMG were informed about their condition, and necessary warnings were given. No oral or topical treatments were recommended. If needed, paracetamol or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were prescribed. Patients were classified according to the Nirschl scores and evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS); Quick Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QDASH); and the Turkish version of the Patient Related Elbow Evaluation (PREE-T). Results: Improvements in all scores were statistically significant in all groups at the end of the second week. At the end of the fourth week, there was also a statistically significant improvement in all three groups, but these improvements were not as high as they were in the first 2 weeks. There was a slight deterioration in the functional scores in the RMG and CSI groups, while the improvement in the KT group continued. In the KT group, the average QDASH score was 18.1 (4.5–35), the VAS score was 2 (1–3), the VAS score in resisted wrist extension was 4 (2–5) and the Nirschl score was 2 (1–3) at the fourth week. The KT group had significant superiority in these parameters over the RMG (p = 0.035, p = 0.035, p = 0.029, p = 0.035, respectively). However, there was no significant difference between the KT, the RMG and the CSI groups at the fourth week. Conclusions: CSI, KT and rest-and-medication treatments were all effective in terms of pain reduction and functional scores at the end of week 2, and the only treatment that continued to be effective in the final week was KT.

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of one or two dorsal pins for extension blocking of mallet fractures. We treated 36 mallet fractures with the extension block technique. A single pin was used in 19 fractures (Group 1) and two pins in 17 fractures (Group 2). The mean age was 33.6 years and the mean follow-up time was 12.2 months. All patients were assessed by the Crawford outcome score. Extensor lag and other complications were noted. All fractures united with a mean time of 6.0 weeks (4-9) in Group 1, and 6.1 weeks (4-7) in Group 2. We obtained 74% and 71% excellent and good outcome scores in Group 1 and in Group 2, respectively. The final extension lag was 6° in Group 1, and 7° in Group 2. No difference was found between the two groups in terms of clinical outcomes, radiological values and complications.Level 3 non-randomized controlled study.

Background: Treatment of Kienbö ck disease is still a clinical challenge. The treatment used in each instance is decided according to stage of the disease at presentation. Good clinical and radiological results could be obtained with partial capitate shortening osteotomy. However, mid-term results of this technique and its effect on lunate revascularization are not well known. Objectives: The aim of this study was to report our results of partial capitate shortening osteotomy in the treatment of stage II and IIIA Kienbö ck disease. Methods: Ten patients were enrolled in the study with a mean age of 37.7 years old (standard deviation [SD] ¼ 9.6). Patients were evaluated clinically in terms of range of motion, DASH and VAS scores, satisfaction with the outcome, and grip/tip/palmar/key pinch strength compared to the contralateral side. Radiological evaluation consisted of Lichtman staging on plain radiographs and lunate revascularization on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at both preoperative and postoperative evaluations. Results: The mean duration of follow-up was 55.2 (SD ¼ 24) months. The mean DASH and VAS scores were 14.3 (SD ¼ 6.7) and 1.5 (SD ¼ 1.3), respectively. For patient satisfaction, the mean score was 3.6 (SD ¼ 0.6). The Lichtman stage of 7 patients remained unchanged. Lunate revascularization was detected with MRI in 6 patients. Conclusions: Although the number of patients in the study prevents more strict conclusions, our results are promising, and the technique presented offers minimally but observable lunate revascularization and high success rates in preventing the progression of the disease.

TÜRKÇENİN DİĞER DİLLERLE ETKİLEŞİMİ VE SONUÇLARI INTERACTION OF TURKISH WITH OTHER LANGUAGES AND RESULTS Eyüp ZENGIN • Öz Ülkeler arasındaki kültürel, bilimsel, siyasi ve ticari ilişkiler, dil alanında da etkileşimlere yol açmıştır. İletişim aracı olan diller, çeşitli sebeplerle birbirlerini etkilemişler, kelimeleri, kalıp yapıları, cümleleri birbirlerinden almışlar, ya da birbirlerine vermişlerdir. Hatta bu etkileşim dilbilgisi yapılarının değişimine de sebep olmuştur. Bu etkileşim iki taraflı olabildiği gibi; teknik, bilimsel, ekonomik, sosyal vb. sebeplerden dolayı bir dilin diğer dile baskın gelmesi sonucuna bağlı olarak da ortaya çıkmıştır. Yabancı kelimelerin, terimlerin, kalıp sözlerin alınmasıyla dillerin sözlüklerindeki yabancı unsurların sayısında artış olmuş, hatta bazı dillerin sentaktik yapılarında da değişiklikler ortaya çıkmıştır. Türkçe, tarihi gelişim süreci içerisinde aynı ya da farklı gruplardaki birçok dil ile etkileşim içerisine girmiş, bu etkileşimde daha çok etkileyen değil etkilenen olmuştur. Bu etkileşimde diğer dillerden bir takım öğeleri almış ve aynı şekilde bu dillere bir takım öğeleri vermiştir. Türk dilinin diğer dillerden etkileşiminde dini inançların kabulünün önemli bir yeri vardır. Uygur döneminde Budizm, Maniheizm gibi inançları kabul edilmesiyle Çince, Sanskritçe, Toharca, Soğdcadan kelimeler alınmıştır. İslam dinin kabul edilmesinden sonra ise Arapça ve Farsçadan önemli ölçüde bir etkileşimin olduğu görülmektedir. Avrupa kültürünün etkisinde kalınması nedeniyle, Türkçe 16. yüzyıldan itibaren Fransızcanın, 19. yüzyıldan itibaren ise İngilizcenin etkisine girmiştir. Bu etkileşim, önem arz eden bu dillerin dışında Çince, Rusça, Bulgarca, Macarca, Sırpça, İtalyanca, Yunanca gibi dillerle de olmuş, bu dillerden kelimeler alınmış ve bu dillere kelimeler verilmiştir. Etkileşimler sonucunda, kaçınılmaz bir şekilde dillerin leksikal ve sentaktik yapılarında değişmeler olmuştur.

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Background: The literature comparing open and arthroscopic repair of subscapularis tendon (ST) tears is insufficient. Purpose: To compare the clinical results of open versus arthroscopic repair of ST tears with or without concomitant supraspinatus tears. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 70 patients treated for isolated ST tears and ST tears with concomitant supraspinatus tendon tears at a single center between 2011 and 2019. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those who underwent open ST repairs (group O) and those with an arthroscopic ST repair (group A). Range of motion (ROM), liftoff and belly-press tests, and Constant-Murley (CM) scores were included in the pre- and postoperative functional evaluations. The minimal clinically important difference was calculated using the anchor-based method for changes in CM score. Tear size was evaluated according to the Lafosse classification. The categorical data were assessed using the Pearson chi-square, Fisher exact, and Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests. The parametric and nonparametric data were evaluated using the Student t test and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. The dependent groups (for nonnormally distributed data) were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Group O included 34 patients, and group A included 36 patients. The mean age was 62.9 years, and the mean follow-up period was 66.7 months. Even though group O exhibited a significantly better preoperative CM score (53.7 ± 4.6 vs 48.9 ± 6.8 [mean ± SD]; P = .001), group A had a significantly better postoperative CM score (88.7 ± 4.7 vs 84.6 ± 2.9; P < .001). Our measurements revealed a minimal clinically important difference of 11.5 points for the CM score. Group A had significantly greater postoperative ROM in abduction (153° vs 143.9°; P = .005) and forward elevation (159.1° vs 149.7°; P = .005), as well as significantly greater postoperative improvement in positive belly-press test results ( P = .028). Complications occurred in 4 patients in group O and in 1 patient in group A. Conclusion: The study findings indicated that arthroscopic ST repair was more advantageous than open repair in terms of ROM and functional outcomes.