This work presents and critically evaluates attempts to theorize and conceptualize public diplomacy within several disciplines, including international relations, strategic studies, diplomatic studies, public relations, and communication. It also examines research methods used to investigate public diplomacy, including models, paradigms, case studies, and comparative analysis. The work identifies promising directions as well as weaknesses and gaps in existing knowledge and methodology and outlines a new research agenda. The presented analysis and examples suggest that only a systematic multidisciplinary effort and close collaboration between researchers and practitioners can lead to a coherent theory of public diplomacy.

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Diplomacy in the Media Age: Three Models of Uses and Effects EYTAN GILBOA This study offers three conceptual models to promote systematic research into uses of the media as a major instrument of foreign policy and international negotiations: public diplomacy, where state and nonstate actors use the media and other channels of communication to influence public opinion in foreign societies; media diplomacy, where officials use the media to communicate with actors and to promote conflict resolution; and media-broker diplomacy, where journalists temporarily assume the role of diplomats and serve as mediators in international negotiations. The first two models, while previously defined, undergo serious revision in this study. The third model is new. This article demonstrates the analytical usefulness of the models through applications to various examples and case studies of significant contemporary diplomatic processes.

Communication Theory Ten: Three August 2000 Pages Mass Communication and Diplomacy: 275-309 A Theoretical FrameworkThis study offers 6 conceptual models that serve in defining and analyzing the role of the media in contemporary diplomacy. Divided into 2 groups, the first 3 models-secret diplomacy, closed-door diplomacy and open diplomacy-deal with limitations officials impose on media coverage and the degree to which negotiations are exposed to the media and public opinion. The models in the second group-public diplomacy, media diplomacy, and media-broker diplomacy-deal with extensive utilization of the media by officials and sometimes by journalists to promote negotiations, The closed-door and the media-broker models are comprehensively presented here for the first time. The other 4 models, although previously defined, have undergone serious revision in this study. This article demonstrates the analytical usefulness of the models through applications to various examples and case studies of significant contemporary diplomatic processes.