No abstract

An electrochemical RNA aptamer-based biosensor for rapid and label-free detection of the bronchodilator theophylline was developed. The 5'-disulfide-functionalized end of the RNA aptamer sequence was immobilized on a gold electrode, and the 3'-amino-functionalized end was conjugated with a ferrocene (Fc) redox probe. Upon binding of theophylline the aptamer switches conformation from an open unfolded state to a closed hairpin-type conformation, resulting in the increased electron-transfer efficiency between Fc and the electrode. The electrochemical response, which was measured by differential pulse voltammetry, reaches saturation within a few minutes after addition of theophylline, and the dynamic range for detecting theophylline is 0.2-10 muM. The electrode displays an inhibited response when applied directly in serum samples treated with RNase inhibitors; however a full response to the theophylline serum concentration was obtained by transferring the electrode to blank serum-free buffer solutions. It was demonstrated that theophylline is detected with high selectivity in the presence of caffeine and theobromine.

A highly reproducible, commercial and nonlinear, wide-range immobilized pH gradient (IPG) was used to generate two-dimensional (2-D) gel maps of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins from noncultured, unfractionated normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Forty one proteins, common to most human cell types and recorded in the human keratinocyte 2-D gel protein database were identified in the 2-D gel maps and their isoelectric points (pI) were determined using narrow-range IPGs. The latter established a pH scale that allowed comparisons between 2-D gel maps generated either with other IPGs in the first dimension or with different human protein samples. Of the 41 proteins identified, a subset of 18 was defined as suitable to evaluate the correlation between calculated and experimental pI values for polypeptides with known composition. The variance calculated for the discrepancies between calculated and experimental pI values for these proteins was 0.001 pH units. Comparison of the values by the t-test for dependent samples (paired test) gave a p-level of 0.49, indicating that there is no significant difference between the calculated and experimental pI values. The precision of the calculated values depended on the buffer capacity of the proteins, and on average, it improved with increased buffer capacity. As shown here, the widely available information on protein sequences cannot, a priori, be assumed to be sufficient for calculating pI values because post-translational modifications, in particular N-terminal blockage, pose a major problem. Of the 36 proteins analyzed in this study, 18-20 were found to be N-terminally blocked and of these only 6 were indicated as such in databases. The probability of N-terminal blockage depended on the nature of the N-terminal group. Twenty six of the proteins had either M, S or A as N-terminal amino acids and of these 17-19 were blocked. Only 1 in 10 proteins containing other N-terminal groups were blocked.

Abstract. C3bi receptors (CR3) on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) bind ligand-coated particles and promote their ingestion. The binding activity of CR3 is not constitutive but is transiently enabled by phorbol esters (Wright, S. D., and B. D. Meyer, 1986, J. Immunol. 136:1759-1764. Our observations indicate that the capacity of CR3 to bind ligand is tightly correlated with the degree of ligand-independent aggregation of the receptor in the plane of the membrane. Fixed PMN were labeled with anti-CR3 monoclonal antibodies and streptavidin colloidal gold before viewing in the electron microscope either en face or in thin section. On unstimulated PMN, gold particles marking CR3 were dispersed randomly. Stimulation of PMN for 25 min with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) dramatically enhances binding of C3bi-coated particles, and the CR3 on such stimulated cells was observed in clusters containing more than six gold particles. CR3 was not aggregated over coated pits. After 50 min in PMA, the binding activity of CR3 falls, and the distribution of CR3 was again observed to be disperse. If a hydrophilic phorbol ester was washed away after a 20-min stimulation, binding activity remains elevated for at least 50 min, and CR3 remained aggregated. Thus, clustering of CR3 was temporally correlated with its ability to bind ligand and initiate phagocytosis. Unlike CR3, Fc receptors and HLA did not exhibit changes in their aggregation state in response to PMA. Treating PMN with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, which enhances expression of CR3 but not its function, did not lead to aggregation of CR3. These observations suggest that a clustered configuration is a precondition necessary for binding ligand and signaling phagocytosis.

A total of 3430 polypeptides (2592 cellular; 838 secreted) from transformed human amnion cells (AMA) labeled with [35S]methionine were separated and recorded using computer-aided two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. A master 2-D gel database of cellular protein information that includes both qualitative and quantitative annotations has been established. The protein numbers in this database differ from those reported in an earlier version (Celis et al. Leukemia 1988, 2,561-602) as a result of changes in the scanning hardware. The reported information includes: percentage of total radioactivity recovered from the gels (based on quantitations of polypeptides labeled with a mixture of 16 14C-amino acids), protein name (including credit to investigators that aided identification), antibody against protein, cellular localization, (nuclear, 40S hnRNP, 20S snRNP U5, proteasomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi, ribosomes, intermediate filaments, microfilaments and microtubules), levels in fetal human tissues, partial protein sequences (containing information on 48 human proteins microsequenced so far), cell cycle-regulated proteins, proteins sensitive to interferons alpha, beta, and gamma, heat shock proteins, annexins and phosphorylated proteins. The results presented should be considered as the initial phase of a joint effort between our laboratories to undertake a general and systematic analysis of human proteins. Using this integrated approach it will be possible to identify phenotype-specific proteins, to microsequence them and store the information in the database, to identify the corresponding genes, to search for homology with previously characterized proteins and to study the function of groups of proteins (pathways, organelles, etc.) that exhibit interesting regulatory properties. In particular, the 2-D gel protein database may become increasingly important in view of the concerted effort to map and sequence the entire human genome.

We have previously identified and cloned a novel keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)-regulated gene in human keratinocytes that encodes the human homologue of a bovine non-selenium glutathione peroxidase (GPx). To gain insight into the regulation of this gene in vivo, we isolated the murine homologue from a mouse skin cDNA library. In vitro transcription/translation demonstrated that the cDNA encodes a 27 kDa protein. Furthermore, we amplified by PCR a partial cDNA that most likely corresponds to a related gene. RNase protection analysis revealed tissue-specific expression of both genes and the occurrence of alternative splicing or RNA editing of at least one of the primary transcripts. Similar to that of KGF, expression of GPx was strongly induced after cutaneous injury, and each isoform displayed unique kinetics of expression during the repair process. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated high levels of GPx mRNA in keratinocytes of the hyperproliferative epithelium at the wound edge. Since these cells express functional KGF receptors, induction of GPx expression by KGF might also occur in vivo. These data suggest a role for GPx in the protection of epithelial cells against oxidative stress, particularly during the inflammatory phase of wound repair.

The functional domain structure of human DNA topoisomerase II␣ and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA topoisomerase II was studied by investigating the abilities of insertion and deletion mutant enzymes to support mitotic growth and catalyze transitions in DNA topology in vitro. Alignment of the human topoisomerase II␣ and S. cerevisiae topoisomerase II sequences defined 13 conserved regions separated by less conserved or differently spaced sequences. The spatial tolerance of the spacer regions was addressed by insertion of linkers. The importance of the conserved regions was assessed through deletion of individual domains. We found that the exact spacing between most of the conserved domains is noncritical, as insertions in the spacer regions were tolerated with no influence on complementation ability. All conserved domains, however, are essential for sustained mitotic growth of S. cerevisiae and for enzymatic activity in vitro. A series of topoisomerase II carboxy-terminal truncations were investigated with respect to the ability to support viability, cellular localization, and enzymatic properties. The analysis showed that the divergent carboxy-terminal region of human topoisomerase II␣ is dispensable for catalytic activity but contains elements that specifically locate the protein to the nucleus.Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase II is an abundant nuclear enzyme involved in regulating the conversion of DNA between different topological isoforms (42, 60). It fulfills essential functions in DNA replication (41, 53) and chromosome segregation during both mitosis (26, 27) and meiosis (46), and it is thought to play a key role in certain types of DNA recombination events (8,10,22,30,48). The enzyme has furthermore been suggested to constitute a component of nuclear scaffold structures (3, 23), where it may be involved in chromosome condensation (4, 58) and decondensation (45).Topoisomerase II binds to DNA as a dimer and cleaves its DNA substrate with a 4-bp stagger (40, 60) at sites with loosely defined sequences (54). Upon DNA cleavage, each subunit of topoisomerase II becomes transiently ligated to the 5Ј ends of the respective DNA strands through an O 4 -phosphotyrosine bond involving a tyrosine residue in the active site of the protein (7, 36). Catalytic activity is ATP dependent, and it is performed by passing one intact DNA helix through the enzyme-mediated double-stranded DNA break, followed by rejoining of the DNA strands (42).Although the mechanics of topoisomerase II function have been characterized in great detail, little information has emerged about the functional organization of the enzyme. Proteolysis studies on purified topoisomerase II from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (35), Schizosaccharomyces pombe (50), Drosophila melanogaster (34), and humans (9) suggest that the enzyme is composed of three major structural domains, of which two are constituted by the conserved N-terminal and central parts of the protein and a third is constituted by the highly divergent C-terminal region.The fragment originating from the N-...

The master two-dimensional (2-D) gel database of human keratinocytes currently lists 3154 cellular proteins (2224 isoelectric focusing, IEF; and 930 nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis, NEPHGE), many of which correspond to post-translational modifications. 1082 polypeptides have been identified (protein name, organelle components, etc.) using a procedure or a combination of procedures that include (i) comigration with known human proteins, (ii) 2-D gel immunoblotting using specific antibodies, (iii) microsequencing of Coomassie Brilliant Blue stained proteins, (iv) mass spectrometry, (v)vaccinia virus expression of full length cDNAs, and (vi) in vitro transcription/translation of full-length cDNAs. This year, special emphasis has been given to the identification of signal transduction components by using 2-D gel immunoblotting of crude keratinocyte lysates in combination with enhanced chemoluminescence (ECL) detection. Identified proteins are listed both in alphabetical order and with increasing SSP number, together with their M(r), pI, cellular localization and credit to the investigator(s) that aided in the identification. Ultimately, the aim of the comprehensive database is to gather--through a systematic study of ekeratinocytes--qualitative and quantitative information on proteins and their genes that may allow us to identify abnormal patterns of gene expression and to pinpoint signaling pathways and components affected in various skin diseases, cancer included.