Background: Prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) is one of the means of improving PSA sensitivity as a marker of a prostate cancer diagnosis. However, this ability is perceived to be obscured by certain factors such as high body mass index and age in Caucasian and western populations, which tends to reduce its sensitivity and lead to misclassification of at-risk patients for prostate cancer. Aim: We studied the correlation of body mass index (BMI) and age with prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) as indicators of prostate cancer risk in a screened male population(40 years and above) in the University of Calabar, Nigeria. Study Design: A cross-sectional analytical study with consecutive participant recruitment. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the University of Calabar Medical centre during a medical outreach. Materials and Methods: The study involved sixty-one (61) healthy male participants. BMI was mathematically determined from the weight and height and was categorized as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity based on the WHO classification with values of <18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25.0-29.9, and ≥30 (Kg/m2) respectively. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for PSA and transrectal ultrasound scan was done to estimate the prostate volume and was used to calculate the prostate-specific antigen density. Results: Over 67% of participants had PSA values below 4.0 ng/ml, 14.8% between 4.0-10.0 ng/ml, and 18% above 10.0 ng/ml. Body mass index (BMI) assessment revealed that 1.6% of the sampled population had BMI <18.5 Kg/m2, 32.8% had BMI between 18.5 Kg/m2 and 24.9 Kg/m2, while 50.8% were noticed to have a BMI of between 25.0 Kg/m2 and 29.9 Kg/m2, and 14.8% had BMI of 30 Kg/m2 and above. Conclusion: There was an inverse correlation of BMI with prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) and a direct correlation of age with PSAD in this study of Nigerian men.
Introduction: Problems associated with adherence to safe injection administration among healthcare providers are on the rise especially among primary health care workers. There is therefore the need to assess the level of awareness and adherence to the practice of injection safety among health workers in Primary health Centers in Calabar Municipality, Cross River State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to determine the level of awareness and adherence to the indices of safe injection practices in the study area.Material and methods: It was a cross sectional descriptive survey. A total of 398 health workers were sampled from a population of 245,681 health workers in the five Primary health centers in Calabar municipality using multistage sampling technique. All of the health workers including the cleaners and support staff were selected for the study. Data was collected using a four sectioned semi-structured questionnaire and the data was analyzed using Statistical package for social studies (SPSS) version 21.0. For awareness and practice of injection safety, the data was marked and scored and dichotomized for good and poor level of awareness and good and bad adherence to safety practices. Result:The result revealed that a total of 89.9% of the health workers had good level of awareness of injection safety with the laboratory technicians having 100% knowledge. This was statistically significant X 2 =26.9, p=0.00. A total of 59.5% of the health workers had good practice of injection safety with the laboratory technician having the least with 30%. X 2 = 30, p = 0.00. There was statistically significant association of level of awareness with level of adherence to practice of injection safety χ 2 = 30; p-value = 0.00. Conclusion:The level of awareness of injection safety practices among health workers was high but their adherence to the practice of care was not commensurate with the awareness. Therefore, other measures should be adopted to improve practice of safe injection administration among primary health care workers in the study area.
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