The rice-growing area of Maga is located in the floodplain of Lower Logone. It covers an irrigable area of more than 7000 ha of arable land. This area is indeed subjected to groundwater quality studies. Three campaigns of water sample studies were performed for one year in 15 points including nine boreholes and six domestic feed wells. Temperature, pH, EC, as well as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , NH 4 + , HCO 3-, NO 3-, Cl-, SO 4 2and PO 4 2were analyzed for these water samples. The results showed that these waters have a medium degree of mineralization, resulting in facies of carbonated sodium and potassium type, then bicarbonate calcium and magnesium. The levels of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates are much lower than those recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) for human feed water. The contents of ammonium, nitrates and phosphates are in most waters samples above WHO prescribed level (0.5, 50 and 0.5 mg/L). These ions in high proportions have an anthropogenic origin because of the practice of rice farming. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) allowed us to qualify groundwater intended for irrigation.
This study examines concentration of pollutants that can contaminate soil, surface water and groundwater in the Bongor Basin. The analysis of thirty soil samples from six oil sites: Koudalwa, Ronier, Ndoubadana, Narenang, Croisement Baobab and Croisement Ridina was carried out using standard laboratory testing methods of chemical elements and pollutants. Results reveal that Nickel has a maximum concentration above the acceptable threshold of INERIS standard of France (2-60 mg/kg). Copper present concentrations above the Cameroonian standard of SONARA site (10 -30 mg/kg), Cadmium has a content above the INERIS standard of France (0.2-0.7 mg/Kg) and Cameroonian standard of SONARA site (1 -2 mg/kg). Phenol was present in all samples with very high concentration values compared to Canadian class A and B standards (0.1-1 mg/kg) and Cameroonian standard of SONARA site (0.2-1 mg/kg).
The objective of this study is to compare various changes of ecological parameters within time period prior petroleum activities and after facilities establishment in Bongor basin. Analysis of landsat 7 images from March 24 to April 5, 2000 and that of landsat 8 from February 13, 2015, before and after oil operations respectively, made it possible to extract four biophysical indices, namely: brightness index of soil, moisture index, greenness index and vegetation index. Maps of land use, hydrology and pedology were established from the analysis of multispectral parameters variations. Significant variations between two study periods were then evaluated to be either increasing, declining or stable over the entire Bongor basin and in the areas of the basin under operations. It appears that, shrub savanna has declined by 15.75% over the entire Bongor basin and by 18.90% in the areas of oil operations in Bongor basin. Floodplain and the water body have also declined by 1.59% and 0.0007% respectively over the whole Bongor basin and loss of paddy field. Agricultural area has increased by 15.15% in Bongor basin and by 14.40% in the operations area of Bongor basin, with industrial area occupying 4.49% and the expansion of urbanized area of 0.01%. Silting up of flood zone over the entire Bongor basin has increased by 0.35%. Areas under oil operations, illustrate impacts of activities on soil, trees and groundwater.
A study to assess the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of surface water was conducted from September 2019 to September 2020 in the town of Maroua. With the objective of evaluating the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of the surface water of this town. The sampling stations were chosen on 3 main watercourses in each district of the town. Sampling was done on a fortnightly basis for one year. The results were grouped by seasons. The physicochemical analyzes consisted of measuring the following parameters: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, chloride, sodium and sulphate content. The biological analyzes of the water focused on the search for bacteria, yeasts and microscopic fungi. The spatiotemporal variations of the physico-chemical parameters revealed water with relatively high temperatures during the two seasons. Suspended solids are generally higher in water during the rainy season (45, 227, 321 and 427 mg/l respectively at M4, M1, M5 and M3) reflecting on high turbidity over 2800 NTU during both seasons at M2 station in Kaliao mayo. The microbiology of water has shown three groups of microorganisms like bacteria, yeasts and fungi. From the microorganisms isolated, the majority were bacteria 84%, yeasts 8% and fungi 8%. The most represented germs in surface water's samples in Maroua are by medical interest importance: Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Legionella spp., then Campylobacter spp. and Aeromonas spp.. Alongside, Mycobacterium species, Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp. and Trichophyton spp. were scarce. These results testify to the occurrence of pathogenic germs in surface water in the city of Maroua. Hence the resurgence of epidemic diseases such as Cholera.
Mayo Tsanaga is the Cameroonian part of the Lake Chad Basin ungauged. The knowledge of discharge is essential for the design of hydraulic structures and for hydrological risk prediction. The objective of this study is to evaluate discharge, total suspended sediment and the deduction of the specific sediment yield. The exploration of velocity fields and the differences in the pre and post filtration filter weights were adopted as a methodology. The results revealed that annual discharges of Mayo Tsanaga at Maroua from 2012 to 2014 are respectively 1.94 ± 0.38 m3 /s, 2.18 ± 0.43 m3/s and 0.89 ± 0.17 m3/s. Mayo Tsanaga discharge will be used when sizing the second bridge on this river. Mayo Tsanaga's daily mean concentrations of TSS are respectively 429.384 mg/L ± 12.88 for the year 2013 and 17.45 ± 0.52 mg/L for the year 2014. The corresponding specific sediment yield (SSY) of Mayo Tsanaga are 34.92 t.km-2.year-1 in 2013 and 0.57 t.km-2.year-1 in 2014. The SSY expresses the amount of ground lowering for the whole catchment.
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