PurposeThe paper aims to examine if corporate characteristics, general contextual factors and the internal context differentiate the quality and quantity of the disclosed non-financial Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on content analysis of the disclosures provided by large public interest entities operating in Poland after the introduction of the Directive 2014/95/EU. The quality of the KPIs disclosures is measured with the disclosure index. Regression analysis and selected statistical tests are used to examine the influence of the selected factors on the differences in the index value and corporate disclosure choices as regards the KPIs.FindingsThe study findings indicate that the sample companies provide a variety of non-financial KPIs in a manner that makes their effective comparison difficult. The research confirms that mainly industry, ecologists and the reporting standard determine the significant differences in the quality of the KPIs disclosures and the quantity of presented KPIs.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper adds to the understanding of the differences in the quality of KPIs presentation and the choice of disclosed KPIs.Practical implicationsThe paper includes suggestions on how to change corporate practice with regard to the non-financial KPIs disclosures.Originality/valueWe shed additional light on the importance of internal contextual factors such as the reporting standard and the reporters' experience in providing non-financial KPIs disclosures.
Purpose The paper aims to explore the effect of stakeholder pressure on the disclosure of key performance indicators (KPIs) and the patterns of this disclosure in large public interest entities (PIEs). Design/methodology/approach The study is based on the content analysis of the disclosures provided by 169 large (PIEs) operating in Poland in 2019. The data was hand-collected from the companies’ non-financial statements. The research hypotheses were empirically tested with the use of linear regression. Findings The explanation for the disclosure of KPIs can be found in stakeholder theory, operationalized by stakeholder pressure linked to industry. In line with the expectations, business-related KPIs are disclosed by companies operating in industries with high pressure from investors, environment-related KPIs are presented by companies operating in environmentally sensitive industries and companies operating in industries with high pressure from employees disclose society-related KPIs. According to the results of the study, reporting on employee-related KPIs is accompanied by environmental and social KPI disclosures. Originality/value The study contributes to the literature on corporate non-financial disclosures as it provides new insights into non-financial KPI disclosures in a new and relatively unexplored institutional setting established by the Directive 2014/95/EU. While researchers recognize the stakeholders’ environmental and social concerns, there is nevertheless a lack of understanding of their implications for KPIs in measuring social practice. The research fills that gap by addressing the specific impact of different stakeholder groups on the disclosure of KPIs.
It has been argued that companies face the challenge of being innovative while at the same time having to standardize and control organizational processes. While management control research has mostly focused on how control supports innovation, the present study aims to improve our understanding of how controls can support the co-existence of process and management innovations with standardization. The paper adopts a single-case study method and analyses the use of a management control system in the context of a business process outsourcing company which faces the simultaneous need for process and management innovation and standardization. The study examines the relationships between different levers of control and their nature to explain how levers of control can create consistent and countervailing reinforcement that supports the co-existence of innovation and standardization. Moreover, we provide an insight into how certain controls, specifically diagnostic and interactive lean controls, combine the levers of control, so creating countervailing reinforcement. We show that the identified reinforcement enables the coexistence of different innovations and standardization at various organizational levels. Thus, the current study contributes to the stream of research on how management controls work collectively, acknowledging their impact on innovation and the concurrent need for standardization.
Environmental protection is of vital importance and needs to be considered in the context of business strategies, including companies’ reporting decisions. This paper aims to investigate the importance of stakeholders for environmental key performance indicators (KPIs) and the significance of different types of environmental KPIs to various stakeholders. The study is based on a content analysis of the disclosures provided by large public interest companies operating in Poland. The data were processed to produce descriptive statistics as well as classification and regression trees (C&RTs). According to the study results, the sample companies provide a variety of environmental indicators, with a total of 735 KPIs identified. The research confirms the importance of stakeholders interested in environmental issues for corporate decisions regarding environmental KPI disclosure. The study contributes to the extant literature by providing new insights into the importance of different stakeholder groups for the disclosure of environmental KPIs. It may serve as an incentive for standard setters and practitioners to take a proactive approach in further developing and improving environment-related reporting regulations.
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