It has been suggested that the impact of emotional expressions on the startle reflex is influenced by the intention communicated by the expression (e.g., the intention to attack). However, we propose that the meaning of an emotional expression is not only based on the intention, but is also influenced by characteristics of the expresser such as gender: since men are typically seen as more dominant than women, anger expressed by men should be perceived as particularly threatening, thus amplifying the startle response. We compared the influence of anger, fear and neutral expressions shown by men and women on the startle reaction. Startle reactions were measured using electromyography. As predicted, we found stronger startle reactions after the presentation of anger expressed by men compared to fearful and neutral expressions shown by men. For female expressers, the startle response was not affected by expression type.

The school’s main objective is to provide broad and comprehensive development of a pupil considering both educational (teaching) and protective aspects. Not only a pupil– teacher but also a parent-teacher vital cooperation is needed in order to achieve school’s goals and objectives. The dialogue between pupils, teachers and parents is indeed extremely important and should be kept going systematically throughout pupil’s education. Without the cooperation between teachers and parents, accordingly to the assumption: “We (teachers) teach-parents help, parents raise – we (teachers) help. Nothing about us, without us”, the effective school improvement cannot be realized. Ultimately, the communication between school and home is necessary to determine child’s best interests. The school-home cooperation and the increasing knowledge and awareness in this area is significantly important for the future analysis in carrying out educational researches.

No abstract

No abstract