Executive functions (EFs) are an umbrella term that includes various cognitive abilities (such as inhibition, planning, goal‐setting, monitoring, and shifting). There is common agreement that there are three main EFs: inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. Further studies have reported that compared to typically developing peers, children with cerebral palsy (CP) show deficits in EF skills. This study aims to evaluate children with CP's inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility skills. Forty children with CP between the ages of 7–13 were included in the present study. EF scores of the CP group were compared with scores of typically developing peers matched one‐to‐one by age and sex. The EF skills were evaluated with Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST), Stroop color–word test (SCWT) TBAG Form, and executive function behavior rating scale parent form (BRIEF‐P). It was determined that there was a significant difference in the WCST total trials, total errors, categories completed, and percent conceptual level responses scores (p < .05); SCWT‐TBAG scores (p < .05), and BRIEF‐P all scores (p ≤ .01) of children with CP. The results of this study suggest that children with CP are disadvantaged with EF skills in terms of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility.
The purpose of this study was to obtain preliminary normative data for children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS) for the Turkish form of the KiddyCAT, and to determine whether differences in communication attitude exist among CWS and CWNS. Material and Methods: Following the translation process of the original English version into Turkish, the Communication Attitude Test for Preschool and Kindergarten Children Who Stutter (KiddyCAT-TR) was administered to 53 Turkish preschool CWNS and 55 who stutter CWS. The KiddyCAT-TR scores were evaluated to determine whether the CWS differ by chronological age, younger age versus older age groups and gender. Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.72 for the CWS. The effect size found very high (d=1.14). The test-retest reliability coefficient was determined as 0.99. Group comparisons showed significantly higher mean scores for CWS compared to CWNS. Gender did not affect the test results. Conclusion: CWS develop a negative attitude towards their own communication from a very early age, which increases as they grow older. The results showed that the Turkish version of the KiddyCAT has high internal consistency and test-retest reliability and is a solid differential diagnostic tool to gauge the speech-related attitude among Turkishspeaking preschoolers.
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