A field study was conducted during 1994 to 1998 on the Experimental Farm Roggenstein, near Fürstenfeldbruck, Bavaria, Germany to determine the effect of transgenic glufosinateresistant rape in combination with the herbicide Basta " [glufosinate-ammonium, phosphinothricin, ammonium (2RS)-2-amino-4-(methylphosphinato) butyric acid] application on soil microorganisms and the behaviour of the synthetic transgenic DNA in response to normal agricultural practice. No influence of Basta " on microbial biomass could be detected. The phospholipid fatty acid analysis of soil extracts showed no difference between Basta " application and mechanical weed control, whereas conventional herbicide application revealed a different pattern. Basta " application resulted in a changed population of weeds with a selective effect for Viola arvensis. During senescence, transgenic rape DNA was degraded similar to endogenous control DNA. After ploughing the chopped plant material in the soil, transgenic as well as endogenous control DNA sequences could be detected for up to 4 weeks for rape and up to 7 months for maize, whereas PCR analysis of composted transgenic maize revealed the presence of the transgene over a period of 22 months.
GSF -Na tional Re search Cen ter for En vi ron ment and Health, In sti tute of Bio chem i cal Plant Pa thol ogy, Re cent stud ies showed, that ozone-in duced gene ex pres sion oc curs via at least two dif fer ent sig nal ling mech a nisms that are eth yl ene-de pend ent (ß-1,3-glucanases) and eth yl ene-in de pend ent in de pend ent (stilbene synthase). To iden tify trans-act ing fac tors in volved in ozone-in duced gene ex pres sion we an alyzed a 150 bp PCR frag ment of an ozone-re spon sive pro moter seg ment of the grape vine resveratrol synthase gene (Vst1) in com bi na tion of a cDNA li brary pre pared from ozone-treated to bacco plants, us ing the yeast one-hy brid screen ing sys tem. Two cDNA clones that en code WRKY bind ing pro teins were iso lated by this screen ing tech nique. The open read ing frame of NtWRKY10 and NtWRKY11 showed an iden tity of 93.5 % and the de duced amino acid se quence an iden tity of 89.3 %. Ac cord ing to the WRKY do main clas si fi ca tion in Arabidopsis, both pro teins be long to sub group II. Com par i son with known to bacco WRKY pro teins in di cate that WRKY10 and WRKY11 be long to a new class of to bacco WRKY tran scription fac tors. Elec tro pho retic mo bil ity shift as says (EMSA) of yeast ex tracts, con tain ing the WRKY fu sion pro tein showed a weak bind ing to the ra dio ac tively la belled 150 bp ozone-respon sive Vst1 frag ment. These re sults are con sis tent with an in volve ment of WRKY pro teins in ozone-in duced phytoalexin gene ex pres sion.List of ab bre vi a tions: Vst1 -resveratrol synthase gene; EMSA -elec tro pho retic mo bil ity shift as say In tro duc tionStrato spheric ozone pro tects life from det ri men tal ul tra vi o let-B ra di a tion, but tro po spheric ozone is a se ri ous world-wide pol lut ant (Krupa 2000). The phytotoxic ef fects of ozone were rec og nized as early as 1950, and sub se quent stud ies have shown the dam ag ing ef fects of ozone at the phys i o log i cal, bio chem i cal and ge netic level (Runeckles and Chevo ne 1992, Kangasjärvi et al. 1994, Sandermann 1996).The spe cific mech a nisms by which ozone causes changes in plant gene ex pres sion are not known, but it is gen er ally ac cepted that ozone ini ti ates an ox i da tive burst and an ac tive pro duc tion of re ac tive ox y gen in ter me di ates (Schraudner et al. 1998, Pellinen et al. 1999, Rao and Da vis 1999. Sev eral signal mol e cules like eth yl ene, jasmonic acid and sal icylic acid, have been hy poth e sized to act as a second or third mes sen ger for ozone-in duced gene expres sion (Mehlhorn and
A fi eld study was conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center to determine the effect of transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybean in combination with herbicide (Roundup) application on its endosymbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum. DNA of bacteroids from isolated nodules was analysed for the presence of the transgenic 5-enolpyruvylshikimate- 3-phosphate synthase (CP4-EPSPS) DNA sequence using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To further assess the likelihood that the EPSPS gene may be transferred from the Roundup Ready® (RR) soybean to B. japonicum, we have examined the natural transformation efficiency of B. japonicum strain 110spc4. Analyses of nodules showed the presence of the transgenic EPSPS DNA sequence. In bacteroids that were isolated from nodules of transgenic soybean plants and then cultivated in the presence of glyphosate this sequence could not be detected. This indicates that no stable horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of the EPSPS gene had occurred under field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, no natural transformation was detected in B. japonicum strain 110spc4 in the presence of various amounts of recombinant plasmid DNA. Our results indicate that no natural competence state exists in B. japonicum 110spc4. Results from field and laboratory studies indicate the lack of functional transfer of the CP4-EPSPS gene from glyphosate-tolerant soybean treated with glyphosate to root-associated B. japonicum
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