The purpose of the article is to consider issues related to the legal protection of personal data in the European Union (EU). Based on a systematic approach and the method of comparative law, it is determined that the legal mechanisms of the EU most extensively regulate their scope, create a rigid framework for European and foreign companies and world corporations, and introduce independent regulatory authorities. This system of personal data protection is the most progressive at the moment. It is revealed that in the 20th-century mankind has experienced a rapid breakthrough of its development when the vector of technology progress was a reoriented towards information infrastructure, huge in its scale and universal coverage. Digital technologies led to the third industrial revolution, and they have entered into everyday life, both professional and domestic. Finally, the authors came to the conclusion that personal data protection rules are increasingly expanding. The world community has already realized the need to protect personal information, prevent its uncontrolled use, and the need to take sufficient measures to ensure the protection of information about the private life of everyone. Issues of cross-border transfer of personal data have become particularly important, and the trend towards the implementation of regulations on the personal data protection of an extraterritorial nature can be clearly seen
The research analyzes problems associated with new religious movements in a secular state, using the example of the Russian Federation. It has been established that a state in which religion and the state are separated from each other is recognized as secular. The state and state bodies are separated from the Church and religious associations and do not interfere with their activities. In turn, the latter do not interfere with the activities of the state and state bodies. A secular state implies: the absence of any religious authority over state bodies, the inadmissibility of the performance of any state functions by the Church or its hierarchs; the absence of compulsory religion for public servants and authorities; the state's non-recognition of the legal significance of Church acts and religious rules as sources of law; the state's refusal to finance the expenses of any Church or religious organization. The purpose of this article is to review, define, and comprehensively analyze the legal regulation of new religious movements in Russia, as well as to determine the legal status of these organizations, their activities and relationships with the state and state bodies.
At the very beginning of the 21st century, some experts agreed that the dispersal of the political and cultural initiative of network societies tends to reduce the unified control over political and cultural activities. This process leads to the accessibility of information to the general population and increases the scale of democratization of society. The accessible Internet environment has had a positive impact on the openness of information; however, it has harmed the protection of users' data. Gerald Cohen, a professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, who is an expert in intellectual property and copyright protection, recommends considering Internet utopianism through a system of legal values. It is important to note the utopianism that links the Internet network and human independence considering utopianism in the field of anonymity in more detail, as something that harms social institutions. Cohen also outlines the view that existing legal institutions are the basis for protecting human independence, as well as the importance of creating new legal institutions.
Globalization as a phenomenon, being universal by its nature and character, covers not only the global economy, finance, and mass media, where it manifests itself in the most developed form, but also in other spheres of social life, including law. At the same time, the impact of global factors significantly affects the essential and substantive aspects of the state's legal system. The article deals with such concepts as globalization, unification, and universalization in the context of human rights theory. The universal culture of human rights is based on the universalization of the idea of human rights and the universal recognition of such values as human dignity, freedom, and responsibility. The development of human rights is considered as a social phenomenon included in the general dynamics of social processes. First of all, the influence of globalization on human rights in the context of intensively developing states and the rights and methods of intercultural dialogue are studied. The formation of a universal culture of human rights depends on the extent to which the idea of human rights and its values, enshrined in international standards and implemented in the national legislation of states, are perceived and reinterpreted in local cultures. An important feature of the modern system of human rights protection is the fact that, at the early stages, the formation of protective mechanisms occurred under the influence of national (domestic) characteristics of a state. However, since the middle of the 20th century, global factors have had a significant impact on this process. A study on the problem of methodological substantiation of the human rights concept in modern conditions of social development is presented in the article.
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