The article presents a new methodology for the internal differentiation of technogenic objects (ash and slag dumps) based on ecological and geological studies of soils, bottom sediments, surface and underground waters, based on the allocation of three zones with various permissible types of nature management in their territory. The first zone (I) is the territory directly connected with the technogenic object (the bottom of the dump); the allocation of borders of the first kind is justified by the data of the cadastral division of land and the results of route surveys. The second zone (II) is the territory of the active manifestation of the impact of the object, which has a visual manifestation (the area of wind separation, the area of accumulation of solid surface runoff, the zone of drying or inhibition of the natural stand and growth), at the initial stages of the process of natural assimilation of exposure and/or at the initial stages of regression, first of all, phytocenosis. The third zone (III) represents the territory of active natural assimilation (general dispersion and/or concentration on natural geochemical barriers) of ash and slag material products (primarily, scattering flows of heavy metals and other pollutants). An analysis of the results of this work made it possible to specify the types of environmental protection measures that are carried out depending on the identified geochemical zones, the use of which—within the framework of projects of improvement and environmental monitoring of the sanitary protection zone—will significantly reduce the costs of nature users. The rationalization of the economic and legal components is associated with a decrease in the areas for a specific type of work, and all the activities of the nature user in the controlled territory.
The present research is devoted to the assessment of the ecological conditions of the “Opukskiy” reserve (Republic of Crimea, RF) under the conditions of increasing anthropogenic pressure. The development of ecological tourism on the territory of natural reserves is one of the vectors of development of the system of protected areas in Russia. However, this is associated with an increase in anthropogenic impact on these objects. To correctly account for the permissible anthropogenic pressures, strict monitoring measures are required to control environmental conditions. The work is based on the material obtained over three years (2017– 2019) in the framework of scientific practices for students of St. Petersburg State University. As a result of the work, a map of the distribution of heavy metals in the soils of the reserve was compiled. The regularities of migration of pollutants in soils are described and the vulnerability to pollution is substantiated. The stages of anthropogenic digression of plant communities have been determined. The consequences of tourism development are assessed. Recommendations for the regulation of tourism are given.
With the development of megalopolises, constant expansion of their borders and chaotic and – to a greater extent – unreasonable territorial division of lands, potential recreational areas are experiencing colossal anthropogenic load and can be found in the state of oppression, gradually moving into an industrial functional zone, from the environmental point of view. For the preservation of ecosystems and rational planning of urban development, it is necessary to pay special attention to the functional purpose and mode of use of the sites, which are the essence of zoning and governance in the field of urban development of land. This paper presents a geoecological assessment of the dynamics of changes in pollution halos among the functional areas of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of Moscow over the past 30 years. Geochemical series of pollutants were compiled with the help of methods of preliminary preparation and statistical data processing. A forecast of the spread of pollution in the surface horizon for the next 100 years is presented, taking into account the hydrogeological features of the territory of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of Moscow.
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