The object of research is the process of fat oxidation at elevated and standard temperatures. Fats are used in chemical, pharmaceutical, food and other industries. Oxidative deterioration changes the composition of fats, reduces the efficiency of chemical reactions involving fats and the quality of final products. An urgent task is to increase the oxidative stability of fats. The oxidative stability of fat compositions based on rapeseed, high-oleic sunflower and palm oils by the induction period at a temperature of 110 °C was investigated. The induction periods of the initial oils were 408.48 min., 795.87 min. and 630.2 min., respectively. Rational ratios of oils in the compositions were found: high-oleic sunflower: palm (50:50) %; rapeseed: high-oleic sunflower: palm (16.67:66.67:16.67) %; rapeseed: high-oleic sunflower: palm (33.33:33.33:33.33) %. The induction periods of the mixtures are 650.57 min., 710.56 min. and 670.56 min., respectively. The increase in the oxidative stability of the developed compositions using the mixture of synthetic antioxidants (butylhydroxyanisole, butylhydroxytoluene and tert-butylhydroquinone) in an amount of 300 mg/kg of fat mixture was studied. The induction periods of the developed compositions were 910.80 min., 1279.01 min. and 1072.90 min., respectively. The physicochemical parameters of compositions with the addition of antioxidants after 5 months of storage at a temperature of (20±2) °C were determined. The peroxide values of the compositions were 5.65; 3.28; 4.50 ½ O mmol/kg, respectively. The research results make it possible to produce fats with increased oxidative stability and necessary properties, to predict induction periods of fat compositions depending on the concentrations of components. This will increase the profitability of production and the quality of fats obtained
Methods of plastic waste management, the amount of which is constantly growing due to the high demand for polymer products with high performance properties, are considered. The urgency of the problem is explained by longevity of plastic, which, once in the environment, gradually degrades with the formation of substances dangerous to living organisms. The most common ways of plastic waste management are its storage on specially designated land plots or incineration with / without getting heat. Each of these methods has certain disadvantages, which necessitates the introduction of other measures. Recycling of plastic waste into secondary raw materials, energy or products with certain consumer properties can be the promising method of plastic waste management from ecological and economic points of view. The purpose of this work is to analyze the methods of plastic waste recycling, to establish their advantages and disadvantages, to determine the optimal ways for the disposal of polymeric materials with different properties. Two main groups of polymer recycling methods: physical and chemical, are considered. Physical method includes mechanical recycling, which is based on the physical grinding of plastic waste to obtain secondary raw materials without significant changes in the chemical structure of the material. This process is quite simple in terms of technical design, but requires careful sorting and cleaning of waste, and has limitations on the reuse of recycled material. Chemical recycling takes place through the processes of solvolysis (hydrolysis, glycolysis, alcoholysis) and conversion (pyrolysis, gasification). In this case, the plastic waste decomposes into the original molecules – monomers, from which it is possible to get a polymer product with the same properties. Chemical methods allow disposing of unsorted and contaminated polymeric materials many times without losing their quality. Thus, the introduction of the described methods will reduce the amount of plastic waste, turn them into valuable secondary raw materials and reduce using of natural resources used to obtain primary plastic materials.
The article deals with the problem of the labour protection state in railway transport. The transport sector, in particular the railway, is one of the main country's activity spheres, which significantly affects the level of its social and economic development. The analysis of statistical data shows that the transport industry is one of the leaders in the most trauma-hazardous human activity spheres. Thus, the analysis of injury rates and factors determining the professional reliability of locomotive crews, and the scientific substantiation of measures set aimed at preserving the health of railway transport workers and ensuring the safety of railway transport, are urgent and essential tasks. The article's purpose is a comprehensive analysis of the injury's actual state in railway transport. In the work, it is established that during the performance of their duties, railway transport employees are affected by physical, chemical and biological harmful production factors. The work is carried out under the influence of psychophysiological factors caused by the severity and intensity of the labour process in conditions of hydrodynamic and fixed working posture. It was determined that the influence of adverse factors complex leads to disruption of the cardiovascular, central nervous and endocrine systems activity. The authors assessed the actual state of industrial and non-industrial injuries in railway transport. It has been established that the number of industrial accident victims has been gradually increasing in recent years. This indicates the need to develop and implement in practice a set of measures to improve the working conditions of mainline locomotive crews. It is noted that the key areas of measures to preserve the health and professional capacity of railway transport workers are the improvement of regulatory and legal support, socio-economic motivation of workers, and organizational-technological and sanitary-medical measures. Keywords: injury, accident, railway transport, labour protection.
In the era of Industry 4.0, human-machine systems have become highly complex and contain a large number of elements and sources of information. It increases the complexity of human-machine system management, which leads to the manifestation of the human factor phenomenon. The consequence is that currently, 70% to 90% of accidents and disasters are related to the human factor. Therefore, the safety of human-machine systems largely depends on human abilities, cognitive, behavioral, and psycho-physiological features. It is shown that the study of individual characteristics of a person will allow the management of the human factor in the human-machine system. The crucial point of human factor management is the availability of systemic ergonomic thinking in the designer of the human-machine system. The formation of such thinking is connected with learning and the gradual acquisition of the necessary knowledge and skills. To understand the principles of ergonomic thinking formation, the evolution of ergonomic thinking in the design of human-machine systems is shown. Due to analysis of the sequence of ergonomic thought development, it is shown how approaches to ensuring the safety of human-machine systems have been rethought from the middle of the 20th century until now. Currently, the global social processes and technologies of Industry 4.0 have fundamentally changed the concept of “work”, parameters of the labour market, and safety requirements and caused the emergence of a new model of the labour paradigm “Work 4.0”, which, in turn, became the driver of the revision of the concept of “workplace” established in society and the emergence of the digital workplace. The article presents the definition of a “digital workplace” and analyses its essential characteristics. The next stage of the work was a model of the structure of the engineer’s ergonomic thinking, the main feature of which is the priority of solving the problems of human-machine interaction. The work also shows that ergonomic thinking is one of the elements of safety culture. In combination with other elements such as a human-centered approach, ecological thinking and others, ergonomic thinking creates a space of a safety culture. Based on the presented results, the importance of engineers’ ergonomic thinking is substantiated. It is shown how to implement the formation of ergonomic thinking through the training system.
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