Статья принята к печати 31 июля 2014 г.Месторождение калийно-магниевых солей, Пермский край, снежный покров, химический состав. Chemical composition, deposit of potassium-magnesium salts, Perm Region, snow cover. Приведены результаты исследования химического состава снежного покрова на территории Верхнекамского месторождения калийно-магние-вых солей в зоне влияния атмосферных выбросов Березниковских калийных производственных рудоуправлений (Пермский край). С учётом специ-фики поллютантов, присутствующих в выбросах, исследования состава талой воды снежного покрова предусматривали определение концентрации основных макрокомпонентов (SO 4 2− , Cl − , NO 3 − , NO 2 − , НCO 3 − , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + ), содержания взвешенных веществ, общей минерализации и рН. Повышенные относительно фона концентрации отмечены для компонентов, непосредственно связанных с добычей и переработкой солей -Cl − , Na + , K + . Установленные аномалии имеют локальный характер и, как правило, не выходят за пределы санитарно-защитных зон предприятий.The paper presents data on the chemical composition of snow on the territory of the Verkhnekamsky salt deposit which contains salts of magnesium and potassium. Studies were carried out in the zone influenced by atmospheric emissions of the Berezniki potassium production in the Perm Region (West slope of North and Central Urals). With regard for specific character of pollutants in the emissions composition of melt water was analyzed for the purpose to determine concentrations of main chemical components (SO 4 2− , Cl − , NO 3 − , NO 2 − , НCO 3 − , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + ) as well as of suspended substances, the total mineralization, and the рН velus.

Potash fertilizer production is one of the most important economic activities. Historically, potash mining has had a significant impact on the environment, often with catastrophic consequences. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the results of studies on the environmental impact of potash mining using the example of the Verkhnekamskoe potash deposit. The deposit is located in the central part of the Solikamsk depression in the Pre-Ural foredeep (Perm Krai, Russia). All the main features and problems of underground mining of water-soluble ores and potassium fertilizer production are considered using the example of one of the world’s largest potash deposits. This paper looks into the specifics of the material composition of waste, its disposal, underground mining issues associated with the solubility of salts, and the risks of groundwater inflow into the mine workings, which causes flooding of mines. The results of all surveys show that potash mining affects the atmosphere, surface water, groundwater, soil, and vegetation. The most effective measure to reduce the adverse environmental impact of potash mining at the Verkhnekamskoe Deposit is hydraulic backfilling of mine chambers, which protects the underground mines from flooding, minimizes ground subsidence, and reduces the area of potash waste.

Urbanized areas experience heavy technological load, especially if the core of the city is associated with industrial activities. In 2018, the Perm region ranked fourth in the Volga Federal District in terms of air emissions. Chemical and mining activities in the Berezniki urban district of the Perm region make a huge contribution to increasing air pollution. Previously, it was established that the distribution of pollutants across the city was affected by the physical and geographical characteristics of the area and meteorological conditions of pollutant dispersion. The paper shows the need to monitor aerotechnogenic dispersion of elements in the snow cover within the Berezniki urban district. In March 2018, the microelement composition of the snow cover was studied with regard to 25 elements. The environmental and chemical distribution of the elements was assessed taking into account the functional use of the territory (industrial, recreational, transport, and residential areas). The degree of technogenic pollution level of melt snow water was determined by the accumulation and dispersion coefficients. On the basis of the concentration coefficient, there were identified anomalies with increased content relative to the background, those including the association Pb-Ti-Ge-Ga-Se, Ni and V. Recreational facilities were found to be subject to increased technogenic load relative to industrial areas. Spatial distribution of microelements in the snow cover of the study area was analyzed using the total pollution index Zc. The research established the need to expand the list of substances observed in the monitoring of atmospheric air pollution in the urban district and to supplement the observation programs with control of the snow cover pollution.

The Kosva Bay is permanently affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) from Kizel Coal Basin in the Perm Krai of Russia. This discharge is released in the middle part of the Kosva River from the abandoned mines. This study investigates the current trace element (TE) concentrations for Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg and the mineral composition, major oxides, grain size of sediments, and acute toxicity using two test organisms within the site of AMD downstream from the Kosva River and up to the Kosva Bay of Kama Reservoir. The objectives of this study were to analyze the quality of sediment and level pollution of Kosva Bay using pollution and ecotoxicological indices. The environmental indices, namely the contamination factor (CF), the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and the potential ecological risk factor ( indicate contamination by Cr and Pb in sediments at the site of AMD, with the highest values for Cr, Cu, and As in the Kosva Bay sediments downstream of abandoned coal mines. The results of Igeo and CF average values in bay of sediments showed different degrees of contamination, from moderate contamination to considerable contamination, respectively. According to the potential ecological risk index (RI) values, the Kosva Bay sediments exhibited low to moderate risk, and As and Cd have the highest contribution rate. According to LAWA and the Polish geochemical classification of sediments, sediments of the bay correspond to the highest levels (IV–III classes) for Cr, Ni, and Hg. Based on the SQGC, Hg, Cd, Cr, and Ni are the most probable for resulting in adverse effects on aquatic organisms in this study. The results of this study indicate that complex pollution and ecotoxicological indices must be supported by ecotoxicologal tests. High precipitation totals, low evaporation rates, and flow regulation stream by the Shirokovsky Reservoir located upstream from abandoned coal mines provide significant fluctuations in streamflow, which is probably the most important factor controlling the distribution and mobility of TE in the studied sediments.

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Over a long period of time, a huge amount of technogenic bottom sediments has been accumulating in the Kosva Bay with significant concentrations of amorphous iron and aluminium hydroxides, which, in turn, are active sorbents of pollutants. This study examines the distribution of trace elements and rare earth elements and their toxicity in the Kosva Bay of the Kama Reservoir (Perm Region, Russia). In the middle reach, the Kosva River crosses the Kizel coal basin, where acid mine water is discharged from closed mines. The average content of trace elements in the samples of bottom sediments of the bay varies from 0.10 mg/kg (Se) to 176.36 mg/kg (Ba). The amount of rare earth elements varies from 66.8 to 83.6 mg/kg. The ecological significance of trace elements and rare earth elements was studied using an element-by-element assessment (EF and Igeo), Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI), Mean Probable Effect Concentration Quotient (PECQ), and two bioassays (Daphnia magna Straus and Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. The highest Hg enrichment was found at two sampling points. Taking into account the average value of Igeo, the pollution by Co, V, Nb, Hg, Sn, Zn, Sm, Ni, Cr, and Gd is the highest and corresponds to extremely contaminated category. The RI values indicate that pollution categories vary from moderate risk to considerable risk. According to mean PECQ values, bottom sediments of the bay have moderate potential toxicity towards biological communities. Results of chronic and acute toxicity on test objects D. magna and Scenedesmus quadricauda Breb show the water extract from bottom sediments having no effects on the test objects. The results of the study show that in order to assess the quality of bottom sediments, an integrated approach, combining chemical and ecotoxicological analyses, is needed.

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The current study considered the distribution of trace elements in snow cover taking into account the functional zoning of the territory of Berezniki-Solikamsk industrial hub, Perm Region, Russia. The concentrations of 22 trace elements were determined in the dissolved phase of snowmelt using ICP-MS method. On the basis of on the background approach, it was found that Ni, Se, Cu, and Sn are actively accumulated in the snow cover. Snowmelt surface runoff during snow melting period significantly contributes to the total watershed discharge of rivers; therefore, the compliance with the Russian fishery quality standards was assessed. It was found that meltwater is the source of Cu, Mn, Se, Zn, V in surface waters. Significant concentrations of Pb, Cd, W, As, Se in snow are characteristic of conditionally background sites in comparison with average values of global concentrations of dissolved trace elements in river waters, and Se, W, Pb, Ni, As, Cd are characteristic of all functional zones. This study presented the possible sources of priority pollutants. The greatest technogenic impact was observed in the area of transport infrastructure development. Upon that, recreational and residential functional zones also experience significant anthropogenic impact. In order to create a comfortable and healthy urban environment it is necessary to implement the measures to restore these areas.