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A series of novel ferrichrome (FC) analogs was designed based on the X-ray structure of FC in the FhuA transporter of Escherichia coli. Two strategies were employed: the first strategy optimized the overall size and relative orientation of H-bonding interactions. The second strategy increased H-bonding interactions by introducing external H-donors onto analogs' backbone. Tris-amino templates were coupled to succinic or aspartic acid, and the second carboxyl was used for hydroxamate construction. Succinic acid provided analogs without substituents, whereas aspartic acid generated analogs with external amines (i.e. H-donors). All analogs had similar physicochemical properties, yet the biological activity in Pseudomonas putida and E. coli showed great variation. While some analogs targeted specifically P. putida, others were active in both strains thus exhibiting broad-spectrum activity (as in native FC). Narrow-spectrum or species-specificity might find application in microbial diagnostic kits, while broad-spectrum recognition may have advantages in therapeutics as siderophore-drug conjugates. The differences in the structure and range of microbial recognition helped us in formulating guidelines for minimal essential parameters required for inducing broad-spectrum activity.

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BackgroundPatients with cancers that exhibit extraordinarily high somatic mutation numbers are ideal candidates for immunotherapy and enable identifying tumor-specific peptides through stimulation of tumor-reactive T cells (Tc).MethodsColorectal cancers (CRC) HROC113 and HROC285 were selected based on high TMB, microsatellite instability and HLA class I expression. Their HLA ligandome was characterized using mass spectrometry, compared with the HLA ligand atlas and HLA class I-binding affinity was predicted. Cryptic peptides were identified using Peptide-PRISM. Patients’ Tc were isolated from either peripheral blood (pTc) or tumor material (tumor-infiltrating Tc, TiTc) and expanded. In addition, B-lymphoblastoid cells (B-LCL) were generated and used as antigen-presenting cells. pTc and TiTc were stimulated twice for 7 days using peptide pool-loaded B-LCL. Subsequently, interferon gamma (IFNγ) release was quantified by ELISpot. Finally, cytotoxicity against autologous tumor cells was assessed in a degranulation assay.Results100 tumor-specific candidate peptides—97 cryptic peptides and 3 classically mutated neoantigens—were selected. The neoantigens originated from single nucleotide substitutions in the genesIQGAP1, CTNNB1,andTRIT1. Cryptic and neoantigenic peptides inducing IFNγ secretion of Tc were further investigated. Stimulation of pTc and TiTc with neoantigens and selected cryptic peptides resulted in increased release of cytotoxic granules in the presence of autologous tumor cells, substantiating their improved tumor cell recognition. Tetramer staining showed an enhanced number of pTc and TiTc specific for the IQGAP1 neoantigen. Subpopulation analysis prior to peptide stimulation revealed that pTc mainly consisted of memory Tc, whereas TiTc constituted primarily of effector and effector memory Tc. This allows to infer that TiTc reacting to neoantigens and cryptic peptides must be present within the tumor microenvironment.ConclusionThese results prove that the analyzed CRC present both mutated neoantigenic and cryptic peptides on their HLA class I molecules. Moreover, stimulation with these peptides significantly strengthened tumor cell recognition by Tc. Since the overall number of neoantigenic peptides identifiable by HLA ligandome analysis hitherto is small, our data emphasize the relevance of increasing the target scope for cancer vaccines by the cryptic peptide category.

Siderophores provide an established platform for studying molecular recognition principles in biological systems. Herein, the preparation of ferrichrome (FC) biomimetic analogues varying in length and polarity of the amino acid chain separating between the tripodal scaffold and the pendent Fe chelating hydroxamic acid groups was reported. Spectroscopic and potentiometric titrations determined their iron affinity to be within the range of efficient chelators. Microbial growth promotion and iron uptake studies were conducted on E. coli, P. putida and U. maydis. A wide range of siderophore activity was observed in the current series: from a rare case of a species-specific growth promotor in P. putida to an analogue matching FC in cross-phylum activity and uptake pathway. A fluorescent conjugate of the broad-range analogue visualized siderophore destination in bacteria (periplasmic space) vs. fungi (cytosol) mapping new therapeutic targets. Quantum dots (QDs) decorated with the most potent FC analogue provided a tool for immobilization of FC-recognizing bacteria. Bacterial clusters formed around QDs may provide a platform for their selection and concentration.