Cnodocentron has a disjunct Laurasian distribution, with species in South-East Asia and the New World. It is divided into two subgenera: Cnodocentron and Caenocentron. Here, we infer the evolutionary history of the genus through phylogenetic and biogeographic data combining COI and 46 morphological characters. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence-time estimation were simultaneously inferred through Bayesian inference. The dating analysis was performed through relaxed morphological and molecular clocks. The historical biogeography was investigated using the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis model. Our results indicate the polyphyly of the genus Cnodocentron, with each subgenus being more related to other genera than to each other. Therefore, the subgenus Caenocentron is elevated to genus status here. The biogeographical analysis showed that the Oriental Cnodocentron diverged in the Indian subcontinent during the Middle Eocene, while the New World Caenocentron stat. nov. originated in the Chortis Block in the Late Eocene. The dispersal of Caenocentron to South America occurred only after the Late Miocene, around 10 Mya. Additionally, we provide a revision of Caenocentron, with an identification key and description of the male and female of two new species from Costa Rica: Caenocentron carlosdelarosai sp. nov. and Caenocentron rafamoralesi sp. nov..
Smicridea is the only genus recorded in the New World for the Gondwanan subfamily Smicrideinae (Hydropsychidae). The genus comprises two subgenera, Smicridea (Smicridea) and Smicridea (Rhyacophylax). In Brazil, Smicridea numbers 55 species, of which 16 are referred to subgenus Smicridea and 39 to subgenus Rhyacophylax. Here, we describe two new species in Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) and one in Smicridea (Smicridea), both from Brazil. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) scalprum sp. nov. belongs to the Smicridea dispar group and is diagnosed mainly by the truncate apex of segment X that has a concave notch apically. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) sororis sp. nov. belongs to the Smicridea argentina group and is similar to Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) froehlichi, possibly representing a recent speciation process; Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) sororis sp. nov. is differentiated mainly by the papilla‐like lateral lobes on the phallus. DNA barcode sequences (577 bp of the mitochondrial gene COI) of Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) sororis sp. nov. and Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) froehlichi were integrated to evaluate species delimitations. Smicridea (Smicridea) capao sp. nov. belongs to the Smicridea fasciatella group and appears to be morphologically similar to some Smicridea (Smicridea) from Colombia. Smicridea capao sp. nov. is diagnosed by the strong subapical constriction on the phallus and the rounded apex. Additionally, we provide new distributional records of Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) froehlichi, Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) abrupta, Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) roraimense and Smicridea (Smicridea) franciscana.
Trichoptera is the most species-rich clade of exclusively aquatic insects. In Brazil, 645 species have been recorded, distributed in 70 genera and 16 families. In the Northeast Region of Brazil, 85 species have been recorded, including 56 in Bahia State. Sixteen of the Northeast Region species belong to the family Leptoceridae. Among these, the long-horned caddisfly genus Neoathripsodes Holzenthal has been a monotypic genus since its erection more than 26 years ago. It is an endemic genus in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo and only the male stage has been described for its only known species, Neoathripsodes anomalus. In this paper, we describe a new species of Neoathripsodes, with the first description of a female in this genus. Additionally, we present new records for the family Leptoceridae in Bahia, especially from the Serra Bonita Mountains, in order to help solve a long-term problem in Brazilian caddisfly research: An uneven proportion of studies in some regions of the country due to historical reasons. The Northeast Region of Brazil still remains a neglected area in which efforts to unearth its biodiversity should be focused. In this work, four species are recorded for the first time for Bahia State and its Serra Bonita Mountains: Grumichella rostrata Thienemann 1905, Neoathripsodes holzenthali n. sp., Nectopsyche fuscomaculata Flint 1983, and Notalina cipo Holzenthal 1986. Neoathripsodes and Notalina are new generic records for Bahia State. The following four species are new records for Serra Bonita: Atanatolica bonita Costa & Calor 2014, Oecetis martinae Quinteiro & Calor 2015, O. furcata Quinteiro & Calor 2015, and Triplectides gracilis (Burmeister 1839). Additional new distributional records for Bahia State are included in this study.
Trichoptera is the largest order of exclusively aquatic insects, comprising more than 16,000 described species with cosmopolitan distribution. There are about 800 species recorded from Brazil so far, mostly from the North, Southeast, and South regions. In Northeastern Brazil, the state of Rio Grande do Norte has only one Trichoptera species recorded so far (Oecetis excisa). Here, Chimarra (Chimarra) potiguar n. sp. is described and illustrated. The new species can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the following features: Segment X has its mesal lobe elongate, sub-rectangular; lateral lobes long and rounded apically, dorsal margin with subapical invagination; the apex of each inferior appendage has a pronounced apicodorsal acute projection, and the phallotremal sclerite complex is curved, with small spines dorsally. Chimarra (C.) potiguar is morphologically similar to Chimarra (Chimarra) bidens, but the new species differs from it by the length and shape of the mesal lobe and lateral lobes of segment X, and by general shape of the basal regions of inferior appendages. Five additional caddisfly species are recorded for the first time from Rio Grande do Norte state: three in Hydropsychidae (Leptonema sparsum, Macrostemum hyalinum, and Smicridea (Smicridea) palifera) and two in Polycentropodidae (Cyrnellus fraternus and Cernotina bibrachiata).
Centromacronema is an endemic genus from the Neotropics, with distribution ranging from Mexico to southern Brazil. The genus comprises 15 described species, but only two of them have been recorded in Brazil: Centromacronema auripenne (Rambur 1842) and C. obscurum (Ulmer 1905). Two new species are herein described and illustrated from Brazil, C. pioneira n. sp. from Serra da Jiboia, Bahia state, including the first description of a female for the genus, and C. poyanawa n. sp. from Serra do Divisor, Acre state.
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