The occurrence of an own-age bias on age estimation of faces was assessed by comparing children (10-14), young (20-30) and older (65-75) adults' performances. Participants from each age group estimated both in-group and out-group faces. Overall, the age of children's faces was more accurately estimated than the age of both young and older adult faces. Moreover, the age of young adult faces was more accurately estimated than that of older adults. A significant "Age of participants" X "Age of face stimuli" interaction was revealed. Although we did not observe a crossed interaction where each age group would have been more accurate for in-group estimation than for out-group estimation, present results reveal the occurrence of an own-age bias in age estimation. There was no significant difference between the three groups when estimating child faces, but young and older adults were more accurate for in-group estimation than the other groups of participants.

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Alterations of the lung microbiota (LM) are associated with clinical features in chronic lung diseases (CLDs) with growing evidence that an altered LM contributes to the pathogenesis of such disorders. The common use of antimicrobial drugs in the management of CLDs likely represents a confounding factor in the study of the LM. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of oral administration of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AC) on the LM in healthy dogs (n = 6) at short (immediately after stopping AC [D10]) and medium-term (16 days after stopping AC [D26]). Metagenetic analyses were performed on the V1–V3 hypervariable region of 16S rDNA after extraction of total bacterial DNA from samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). AC did not induce significant changes in BALF cellular counts or in the bacterial load or microbial richness, evenness and α-diversity, while the β-diversity was clearly modified at D10 compared with D0 (before AC administration) and D26 (P < 0.01). The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria increased at D10 (P < 0.01) in comparison with D0 and D26 (P < 0.01). The relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased from D0 to D10 (P < 0.01) and increased from D10 to D26 (P < 0.01), but was still lower than at D0 (P < 0.01). The proportion of Actinobacteria increased at D26 compared with D0 and D10 (P < 0.01). Significant differences between timepoints at the level of family, genus or species were not found. In conclusion, in healthy dogs, oral administration of AC induces significant changes in LM at the phyla level and in the β-diversity. Most changes normalize within 2 weeks after discontinuation of AC.

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