No clinically visible or invisible scars in the macula were found after Y-MPL or IR-MPL treatment. Both Y-MPL and IR-MPL with the lowest duty cycle (5%) and fixed power parameters seem to be safe from the morphologic and visual function points of view in mild center-involving diabetic macular edema.

The increase of HRS at first in IR and later in OR seems to confirm their inflammatory nature. Early OCTA changes (underline) underscore a selective susceptibility of DCP and ICP to a localised inflammatory reaction induced by cataract surgery.

Corneal confocal microscopy allows a non-invasive examination of the living cornea, analyzing the microstructure of each corneal layer. Aging significantly influences the corneal confocal microscopy parameters of individual corneal layers, except sub-basal nerve plexus and basal epithelium.

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MPL is a new, promising treatment option in DME, with both infrared and yellow wavelengths using the less aggressive duty cycle (5%) and fixed power parameters. It appears to be safe from morphologic and functional point of view in mild center involving DME.

Background: To evaluate the earliest retinal morphological and functional changes in diabetic eyes without or with early signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods: Twenty-two eyes with no DR (noDR group), 22 eyes with mild DR (DR group), and 18 healthy nondiabetic eyes (controls) were enrolled. All eyes were studied by means of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). Results: A significantly higher number of OCT hyperreflective intraretinal foci (HRF) was found in both noDR and DR groups versus controls, but not between DR groups. The OCTA parameters of the superficial vascular plexus (SVP) were significantly reduced in the noDR group both versus controls and DR group (p < 0.05). The OCTA parameters of the intermediate capillary plexus (ICP) were significantly reduced in the DR group versus controls. An increased number of altered hexagons on mfERG was found in the noDR versus the DR group (p = 0.0192). Conclusions: Retinal vascular and functional parameters are differently involved in diabetic eyes; major vascular changes in the SVP and functional alterations of the mfERG are present in diabetic eyes with no clinical microvascular signs of DR, while ICP is mainly involved when early ophthalmoscopic signs of DR are present. The integrated use of mfERG and OCTA provides new significant insights into the pathogenesis of diabetic related retinal disease.

Purpose: To compare the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area measurements produced by different optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: Healthy enrolled volunteers underwent OCTA using 2 different devices: Spectralis HRA+OCTA (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) and RS-3000 Advance (Nidek, Gamagori, Japan). Two graders measured FAZ in both superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) retinal capillary plexuses. The SCP and DCP en face images were visualized automatically segmenting 2 separate slabs defined by the arbitrary segmentation lines created by the software of each OCT device. One grader repeated each measure twice. Results: Fifty-nine eyes were included. The mean FAZ was 0.33 ± 0.09 mm² at the SCP and 0.57 ± 0.17 mm² at the DCP measured with RS-3000 versus 0.30 ± 0.08 and 0.35 ± 0.08 mm², respectively, measured with Spectralis. The measurements of the 2 devices were significantly different (p < 0.0001). The intraoperator agreement was excellent at the SCP (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC: 0.97 with Spectralis and 0.96 with RS-3000). At the DCP, it was good with Spectralis and fair with RS-3000 (ICC: 0.85 and 0.64, respectively). The interoperator agreement was excellent for Spectralis and good for RS-3000 at the SCP (ICC: 0.97 and 0.93, respectively). It was good at the DCP with both devices (ICC: 0.74 with RS-3000 and 0.81 with Spectralis). Conclusions: FAZ measurements obtained with different OCTA devices differ. These findings should be considered in follow-up studies of patients with retinal vascular diseases.