Background The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is an insect pest species responsible for damages of citrus fruit quality and tree health. This insect is a vector of bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ spp. a putative causal agent of citrus greening disease known as Huanglongbing (HLB), considered one of the most destructive diseases of citrus orchards worldwide. Disease management is mainly based on vector control using pesticides which can affect natural enemies that play an important role in pest control. The entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Beauveria bassiana (2067 and 2121) and Metarhizium anisopliae (2411) were achieved by applying a suspension of 1 × 107 spores against D. citri nymphs and artificially infected the citrus seedlings under controlled and semi-field conditions. Also, the activity of these EPFs on the coccinellid and lacewing predators was evaluated. The effects of the main chemicals used in citrus plantations on the selected fungi for possible combined use was also investigated. Results The obtained results showed that under controlled conditions, the percentage of insect mortality produced by EPF varied between 82.8 and 85.9%. Under semi-field conditions, the infection and mortality of D. citri caused by the M. anisopliae 2411 strain was significantly higher than that of B. bassiana 2067, 78.9 and 51%, respectively. Non-significant effect of EPF on the natural enemies of D. citri was observed, suggesting that EPF and predators had compatible effects. Conclusion This study clearly demonstrated that EPF were able to kill D. citri and can be explored as a promissory biocontrol candidate. Simultaneous use in an integrated pest management program could be possible by applying EPF combined with pesticides.
La yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) es una especie de gran importancia social y cultural en Uruguay, que presenta destacadas propiedades medicinales. Aunque en Uruguay no se planta a escala comercial, se encuentran poblaciones naturales de esta especie, que son un importante reservorio de diversidad genética. La propagación de la yerba mate es una limitante que debe ser resuelta para hacer posible cualquier actividad productiva o de conservación de este recurso genético. Las técnicas de cultivo in vitro permiten obtener un gran número de plantas relativamente uniformes a partir de poco material inicial, resultando en una mayor ganancia genética. La etapa inicial de establecimiento in vitro es limitante para la clonación, ya que generalmente hay un elevado porcentaje de pérdidas debidas a contaminación y oxidación de los explantos. En este trabajo se estudió la respuesta de materiales nativos de yerba mate procedentes de la Gruta de los Helechos (Tacuarembó), durante la etapa de establecimiento in vitro, comparándolos con un material comercial. Se evaluó el efecto de dos tiempos de inmersión en hipoclorito de sodio (15 y 20 minutos) y el efecto de adicionar nitrato de plata al medio de cultivo en dos concentraciones (6 o 12 µM). El agregado de nitrato de plata en el medio de cultivo redujo la contaminación bacteriana y la oxidación de los explantos, independientemente de la concentración empleada. El 70 % de los explantos de I. paraguariensis nativa sobrevivió la etapa de establecimiento in vitro y presentó yemas axilares que desarrollaron brotes.
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