A new method for evaluation of fetal lung maturity in utero is described. The method is based on the fluorescence polarization ( P ) of the lipids in the amniotic fluid after labelling with a special dye. Tests performed with 49 amniotic fluid samples drawn from 33 pregnancies clearly demonstrated a decrease in P during gestation which correlated with the increase in the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) in the fluid. During gestation the P value at 24 "C decreased steadily from about 0.4 to 0.2 and the value of P (24 "C)= 0.310 has been tentatively chosen as the threshold above which respiratory distress syndrome may develop. The described method, which requires a specially designed instrument, offers a series of important advantages over the presently available methods. It is simple, rapid, highly accurate and reproducible, and independent of amniotic fluid volume. The P value reflects the microviscosity in the whole lipid assembly of amniotic fluid and is not confined specifically to lecithin.
Mashiach et al., Intraamniotic thyroxine for fetal lung maturation 161 J. Perinat. Med.The effect of Intraamniotic thyroxine administration on fetal lung 7(1979)161 maturityinman
SUMMARY Recurrence frequencies of central nervous system malformations in sibs of probands with anencephalus or spina bifida range between 1 % and 7 %. The frequency of hydrocephalus among sibs of such probands is low (0.21 %) but, nevertheless, is increased 2 to 5-fold when compared to general population frequencies. Anencephalus and spina bifida cystica were observed in 1 .65% of sibs of children with hydrocephalus, a 2-to 8-fold increase over the population frequencies. These data indicate that some aetiological factors may be common to all three malformations. The risk figure of 1 .65 % for anencephalus and spina bifida in sibs born after the birth of a hydrocephalic proband constitutes sufficient indication for prenatal diagnosis by alphafetoprotein determination of the amniotic fluid.
Background: Data regarding glycemic control in children and adolescents with a dual diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are limited.Objective: To compare various aspects of diabetes control among youth with T1DM, between those with and without ADHD.Methods: In this cross-sectional study of youth with T1DM, 39 had ADHD (mean age 14.1 ± 2.8 years) and 82 did not (control group, mean age 12.6 ± 3.3 years).Health-related quality of life was assessed by a Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) questionnaire submitted to their parents. Glycemic data were downloaded from glucometers, pumps, and continuous glucose monitoring systems. HbA1c levels, hospitalizations, and severe hypoglycemic and diabetes ketoacidosis events were retrieved from the medical files.Results: Compared to the control group mean HbA1c level of the ADHD group was higher: 8.3 ± 1.1% versus 7.7 ± 1.0% (p = 0.005) and the percent of time that glucose level was in the target range (70-180 mg/dl) was lower: 48 ± 17% versus 59 ± 14% (p = 0.006). Mean glucose and glucose variability were higher in the ADHD group.Youth with ADHD who were not pharmacologically treated had worse HbA1c and more hospitalizations than those who were treated. DQOL did not differ between the control group, the treated ADHD group, and the untreated ADHD-Group.Conclusions: Dual diagnosis of T1DM and ADHD during childhood leads to worse diabetes control, which is more pronounced in the context of untreated ADHD.Healthcare providers should be aware of the difficulties facing youth with T1DM and ADHD in coping with the current intensive treatment of diabetes.
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