Energy storage challenges have triggered growing interest in various battery technologies and electrocatalysis. As a particularly promising variety, the Li-O 2 battery with an extremely high energy density is of great significance, offering tremendous opportunities to improve cell performance via understanding catalytic mechanisms and the exploration of new materials. Furthermore, focus on non-aqueous electrolyte-based Li-O 2 battery has markedly intensified since it can more potentially enable the commercialization, compared to that of solid-state or aqueous electrolyte. The recent advancements of the non-aqueous Li-O 2 battery in terms of fundamental understanding and material challenges, including electrolyte stability, water effect and non-carbon cathode materials are summarized in this review. Further, the current status of water impact on discharge products, possible mechanisms and parasitic reactions in non-aqueous electrolytes are reviewed for the first time. The key challenges of non-carbon oxygen electrode materials, such as noble metals and metal oxides-based cathodes, transition metals, transition metal compounds (carbides, oxides) based cathodes as well as non-carbon supported catalysts are discussed. This review concludes with a perspective on future research directions for non-aqueous Li-O 2 batteries.
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