Traumatic stress may chronically affect master homeostatic systems at the crossroads of peripheral and central susceptibility pathways and lead to the biological embedment of trauma-related allostatic trajectories through neurobiological alterations even decades later. Lately, there has been an exponential knowledge growth concerning the effect of traumatic stress on oxidative components and redox-state homeostasis. This extensive review encompasses a detailed description of the oxidative cascade components along with their physiological and pathophysiological functions and a systematic presentation of both preclinical and clinical, genetic and epigenetic human findings on trauma-related oxidative stress (OXS), followed by a substantial synthesis of the involved oxidative cascades into specific and functional, trauma-related pathways. The bulk of the evidence suggests an imbalance of pro-/anti-oxidative mechanisms under conditions of traumatic stress, respectively leading to a systemic oxidative dysregulation accompanied by toxic oxidation byproducts. Yet, there is substantial heterogeneity in findings probably relative to confounding, trauma-related parameters, as well as to the equivocal directionality of not only the involved oxidative mechanisms but other homeostatic ones. Accordingly, we also discuss the trauma-related OXS findings within the broader spectrum of systemic interactions with other major influencing systems, such as inflammation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the circadian system. We intend to demonstrate the inherent complexity of all the systems involved, but also put forth associated caveats in the implementation and interpretation of OXS findings in trauma-related research and promote their comprehension within a broader context.

The plant colorant annatto was investigated to determine its potential use as a natural dye for conventional and novel textile applications. Alum was selected as a mordant. Different techniques of mordanting and a broad set of variations in the dyeing recipes were applied to achieve optimisation and an improvement in colour fastness properties. Quality control of all dyeings was performed using standard fastness tests and colour measurements. Printing of cotton fabrics was also achieved with annatto using the flatbed screenprinting technique. Measurement of the rheological and physical properties of the annatto printing paste confirmed its stability and suitability for conventional printing. Fastness properties of the conventionally printed annatto fabric were also measured. A novel water-based digital printing ink using annatto was prepared and applied to cotton fabric using a digital printing application. The physical properties of the annatto ink-jet ink were also measured. Wash, light and rub fastness properties of the annatto digitally printed fabric were determined and compared with those of conventional printing methods. The results were promising for annatto as a natural colorant, which possibly paves the way for the development of a new range of natural environmentally friendly dyes.

Four natural dyes, annatto, cutch, pomegranate fruit rind, and golden dock, were used as colorants for the preparation of water-based ink-jet inks for digital textile printing. The physical and rheological properties (pH, conductivity, surface tension, and viscosity) of the inks were measured over a period of 90 days for the evaluation of ink stability and suitability for ink-jet printing. The inks were found to be suitable and were used for the digital printing of cotton fabrics. The prints were subjected to wash, light, and rub fastness tests and colour measurements. Colour consistency and fastness results, especially after fixation, are comparable with those of synthetic dyes, which paves the way for the production of environmentally friendly ink-jet inks using natural dyes for the digital printing of cotton through the formulation of suitable printing techniques.

Three reactive dyes have been synthesized by coupling 1-amino-phenyl-4-beta hydroxyethyl sulfone sulfate ester with 1-amino-8-hydroxynaphalene-3,6-disoulphonic acid (H-acid). The dyes synthesized were then purified using ultrafiltration and water-based reactive ink jet inks were prepared for digital printing applications. The dyes were characterized by their spectrophotometrical data ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis. The purity of dyes was checked by thin layer chromatography and their dyeing performance was assessed on cotton fibers by exhaustion (dyeing) and ink-jet printing. Ink-jet inks with the dyes synthesized were prepared and their physical properties were measured in order to evaluate their suitability for ink-jet printing. Color measurements and fastness properties were performed for the dyed and digitally printed samples. Coloristic values of the dyed/ printed samples were as expected, that is, K/S values of the dyed samples were much higher than those of the printed ones, K/S values of the samples dyed with the ultrafiltrated dyes were higher than those with the initial dyes and the rest of the coloristic co-ordinates L, a, b, C, H, were in line with strength changes of the dyes before and after ultrafiltration. The dyed samples had excellent wash fastness and medium light fastness. Ultrafiltration slightly improves the fastness properties of the dyed samples.Keywords azo reactive dye, Reactive Black 5, ultrafiltration, cotton fiber, scanning electron microscope analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis A dye, which is capable of reacting chemically with a substrate to form a covalent dye substrate linkage, is known as reactive dye. The dye contains a reactive group forming a covalent bond with the fiber polymer and acts as an integral part of the fiber. This covalent bond is formed between the dye molecules and the terminal -OH (hydroxyl) group of cellulosic fibers or between the dye molecules and the terminal -NH 2 (amino) group of polyamide or wool fibers. 1,2 Reactive dyes have good fastness properties owing to the bonding that occurs during dyeing. Reactive dyes are most commonly used in dyeing of cellulosic fibers like cotton. Reactive dyes can also be applied on wool and nylon, under weakly acidic conditions. 1-3 Ultrafiltration (UF) technology is one of the newest technologies applied mainly for the treatment of textile effluents aiming at the desalination and the elimination of toxic pollutants in the discharged effluents. 4-8 UF is the most modern ecological separation method acting as a molecular separation method avoiding the use of chemicals. Typical UF membranes are synthetic organic polymers, such as poly(vinylidene fluoride),