Abdominal cocoon syndrome or encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis is a rare condition causing small bowel obstruction. It is called cocoon syndrome because of the existence of an abnormal membrane that contains part or the entire small intestine. We present a case of a 49-year-old male, presenting to our department with recurrent episodes of obstructive ileus that did not respond to conservative treatment. He underwent exploratory laparotomy and a thick membrane covering the small bowel loops was found. The membrane was excised and sent for pathological examination. Abdominal cocoon syndrome is an acquired condition caused by an inflammatory process that is not yet completely understood. There are many theories for the pathophysiology of the disease. In most cases, the diagnosis is established during surgery. Complete removal of the membrane is the indicated surgical treatment. In mild cases, when the diagnosis is made preoperatively, conservative treatment should be the first choice.

All patients with MD underwent Meckel's diverticulectomy with appendicectomy. MD has an incidence of approximately 1 to 2% in our population. It is necessary to maintain a high index of suspicion in the diagnosis of MD paediatric age group because it can be easily misdiagnosed.

Abdominoscrotal hydrocele represents an uncommon condition, especially in childhood, resulting from the communication of a large scrotal hydrocele with the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal. The disorder has been associated with a variety of pathological entities such as hydronephrosis, lymphedema, and malignancy of the tunica vaginalis. Diagnosis is made by physical examination and confirmed by abdominal ultrasound scan. Surgical correction, although complex, remains the optimal therapeutic option. The present article reports the case of a 9-month infant from Greece with abdominoscrotal hydrocele. Regardless of rarity, the disorder should be included in the differential diagnosis of scrotal and abdominal masses, as early diagnosis and surgical intervention may prevent the development of potential complications. The difficulty in establishing a preoperative diagnosis highlights the necessity for a physician to have a high level of familiarity with abdominoscrotal hydrocele and its possible complications. Awareness of this abnormality will ensure its prompt recognition and optimal management.

Serum inhibin B levels could represent a useful marker of Sertoli cell damage caused by varicocele.

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