BackgroundEnvironmental devastation threatens the survival of many species, including venomous snakes such as the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. This observation is based on the decrease of snakes collected and donated to Brazilian research institutes. Nevertheless, some individuals have managed to survive and procreate. The question is how these snakes are adapting in these new environmental conditions.MethodsTo answer it, the carbon-13 level of rattlesnakes and their feed (either laboratory or wild mice) was evaluated by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Thus, rattle segments from 16 adults and 15 offspring of captive snakes, and of three wild newborn C. d. terrificus were evaluated as well as 17 Mus musculus mice captured in traps, four live feeder mice and the ration offered to mice at animal houses.ResultsThe isotopic exchange time of the captive adult snakes (n = 16) varied between 33 and 37 months and of captive-born animals (n = 15), until reaching a plateau of equilibrium, varied from 18 to 24 months. Regarding the captured Mus musculus (n = 17), 88.23% (n = 15) were from a C4 environment. Of the six rattle rings from offspring of captured C. d. terrificus, five were from a C4 environment, whereas of the 170 rattle rings studied, 60% originated from a C3 environment and 40% from a C4. The same carbon-13 values were found in captive snakes.ConclusionsBased on the present results, it can be inferred that most C. d. terrificus snakes (60%) fed animals from a C3 environment; birds consist of an alimentary alternative for snakes, as well as rodents, small reptiles and amphibians; different venom compositions among snakes from the same region may be related to the food type; the primary rattle of offspring reflects the maternal diet during gestation; and, finally, the different rattle rings indicate the alimentary history of these animals.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1678-9199-20-53) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
RESUMOConduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de quantificar a proporção de carbono de fonte C 3 (suco de laranja) e carbono C 4 (açúcar de cana) em bebidas comerciais à base de laranja. Foram analisadas isotopicamente 33 diferentes marcas comerciais de bebidas de laranja. A composição isotópica do carbono ( 13 C) foi determinada por espectrometria de massa de razão isotópica (IRMS). As equações empregadas para quantificar a proporção da fonte C 3 e C 4 de carbono nas bebidas apresentam fatores de correções baseados na concentração de açúcares redutores totais em relação aos sólidos solúveis. Os sólidos insolúveis (polpa) foram usados como padrão isotópico interno do suco de laranja empregado na formulação da bebida comercial, o que permitiu a quantificação de fonte C 3 nessas bebidas. As análises isotópicas das bebidas comerciais mostraram quatro adulterações, sendo uma amostra de suco de laranja integral, uma amostra de suco concentrado, duas amostras de suco adoçado de laranja. Para amostras com ausência de polpa na sua constituição, adotou-se como padrão de fonte C 3 o valor isotópico de 13 C -26,19‰, proveniente da compilação de um banco de dados de 31 amostras de sucos puros de laranja provenientes de 12 regiões produtoras do Estado de São Paulo. Nas bebidas denominadas repositores energéticos, bebida mista e "frutas cítricas", o valor isotópico de 13 C foi similar ao açúcar de cana ( 13 C -12,48‰), indicando pouco suco de fruta em sua formulação.Termos para indexação: Suco, néctar, isótopos, adulteração, fraude. ABSTRACTThis study aimed at quantifying the ratio of the carbon sources C 3 (orange juice) and C 4 (cane sugar) in orange-based commercial beverages. Orange beverages of 33 different trademarks were isotopically analyzed. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) was used to determine the carbon isotopic composition ( 13 C). The equations used to quantify the source of carbon C 3 and C 4 presented correction factors based on the concentration of total reducing sugars in relation to soluble solids. The insoluble solids (pulp) were used as internal isotopic standard for the orange juice employed in commercial beverage. The isotope analysis of commercial beverages showed four adulterations: one sample of whole orange juice, one of concentrate juice, and two of sweetened orange juice. For samples with the absence of pulp, we adopted the isotopic value of 13 C -26.19‰ as standard C 3 source, by compiling a database of 31 samples of pure orange juice from 12 producing regions of the state of São Paulo. In these beverages (energetic beverage, mixed beverage and "citric fruit"), the isotopic value of 13 C was similar to sugar cane ( 13 C -12.48‰) showing few fruit juice in its formulation. Index terms: INTRODUÇÃOA legislação brasileira (Brasil, 1997b) define suco de laranja como sendo a bebida não fermentada e não diluída, obtida da parte comestível da laranja (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), em processo tecnológico adequado. O suco não poderá conter substâncias estranhas à fruta, sendo proibida a adição de arom...
RESUMONeste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar isotopicamente méis comercializados nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, para a detecção de fraude. Foram colhidas amostras comerciais com registro no Serviço de Inspeção Federal, Estadual ou Municipal. As amostras foram submetidas à combustão no Analisador Elementar EA 1108 CHN e analisadas no espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica DELTA-S (Finningan Mat). Os valores isotópicos ( 13 C) dos méis in natura foram comparados aos de suas respectivas proteínas (padrão interno). Foram consideradas adulteradas as amostras cuja diferença entre o valor isotópico da proteína e do mel foi igual ou inferior a -1‰. As amostras consideradas adulteradas pela análise isotópica foram submetidas a testes químicos qualitativos que não foram capazes de indicar adulteração para algumas delas. Das 61 amostras analisadas, 18,0% encontram-se adulteradas, sendo 11,5% na Região Sudeste e 6,5% na Região Sul. Ao contrário dos testes químicos, a análise isotópica mostrou-se eficaz em identificar e quantificar a adulteração de méis comerciais. Termos para indexação:Mel, adulteração, isótopos estáveis, carbono-13, IRMS. ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was the isotopic evaluation of honey traded in the Southern and Southeastern Brazilian regions, to detect fraud. Commercial samples, registered in the municipal, State or Federal Inspection Service, were collected and submitted to combustion in the EA 1108 CHN Elemental Analyzer and analyzed in the DELTA-S (Finningan Mat.) isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The isotopic values ( 13 C) of in natura honey were compared to their respective proteins (internal standard). Samples whose difference between the isotopic value of protein and honey was equal or inferior to -1‰ were considered adulterated. The samples considered adulterated were submitted to qualitative chemical tests which were unable to show adulteration for some of them. Among the 61 samples analyzed, 18.0% were adulterated; 11.5% in the Southeastern and 6.5% in the Southern region. Unlike chemical tests, isotopic analysis has shown to be efficient to identify and quantify adulteration in commercial honey.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytogenic additives and glutamine plus glutamic acid, associated or not, on histomorphometry of bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, oocyst count and lesion scores, and carbon turnover of duodenal mucosa of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. A total of 450 male broiler chickens was distributed into a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of control diet (CD); CD + coccidiosis vaccine; CD + antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial (APE/AC); CD + glutamine and glutamic acid (Gln/Glu); CD + phytogenic additives (PA); CD + Gln/Glu + PA. Birds on treatment CD + vaccine were vaccinated via drinking water at three days of age against coccidiosis. At 16 days of age all birds of all treatments were inoculated orally and individually with 500,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina. There was no treatment effect on lesion score in the intestinal epithelium of birds. The smaller number of excreted oocysts was observed in groups of birds fed diets containing APE/AC and PA. Were observed better results of villus height and crypt depth for duodenum and ileum of birds of treatments containing Gln/Glu at 7 days of age, and Gln/Glu and PA at 21 days of age. Higher percentage of cortical area from bursa follicles was observed in birds fed diets supplemented with Gln/Glu and PA at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. Increased turnover of intestinal mucosa was observed in treatments containing Gln/Glu, indicating acceleration in development and regeneration of damaged tissue. Glutamine plus glutamic acid and phytogenic additives can provide improvements to structure, and thus to intestinal function, as well as to better immune response against the infectious challenges. Phytogenic additives can be used for coccidiosis control of broiler chickens where the use of antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidials is prohibited.
Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar se os processos de extração lipídica alteram o valor isotópico no fígado e músculo de frangos, peixes, suínos e bovinos. Foram coletadas 24 amostras de fígado e músculo destes animais de interesse zootécnico, sendo divididas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos com oito repetições. As amostras foram coletadas com cuidado para que todas fossem do mesmo lote. Os tratamentos foram: desidratado - as amostras foram secadas durante 48 horas por estufa de ventilação forçada; Soxhlet - as amostras foram desengorduradas em éter etílico; e Folch - as amostras foram desengorduradas em clorofórmio/metanol. Os resultados isotópicos foram submetidos à análise multivariada discriminante linear por meio do pacote estatístico do software Minitab 16. A extração lipídica por éter interferiu nos valores isotópicos dos tecidos avaliados de frangos, suínos e pintado. A extração lipídica por clorofórmio/metanol interferiu nos valores isotópicos dos tecidos musculares de frangos e suínos. Não houve alterações nos valores isotópicos, independentemente do método de extração, para os tecidos de bovino e para tilápia do Nilo. Sugere-se, portanto, a não extração lipídica em tecidos de animais com finalidade zootécnica, a fim de diminuir a interferência dos processos de extração lipídica nos valores isotópicos dos tecidos animais.
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