This article presents a review on the use of graphene in various segments, elucidating that this product can be used in various industrial sectors. These include mainly agriculture (as in large crops of high relevance, such as coffee), the food industry and the environment, as a plant growth stimulator and in fertilizers, nanoencapsulation and smart-release systems, antifungal and antibacterial agents, smart packaging, water treatment and ultrafiltration, contaminant removal, pesticide and insecticide quantitation, detection systems and precision agriculture. However, some challenges can be overcome before the graphene-based nanoparticle is used on a large scale. In this way, before using the product in the environment, it is necessary to determine whether the technology is safe for the soil-plant system and consumers. Furthermore, the cost of its use can also be a limiting factor depending on the level applied. Therefore, this review proposes to examine the diverse literature to explain the effects of the use of graphene in agriculture, plants and soil microorganisms. Accordingly, this article discusses and presents the possibilities of application of graphene in agriculture, plants and soil microorganisms.
O sorgo biomassa é uma alternativa para a geração de energia renovável pela queima em caldeiras, destacando-se por sua alta produtividade e possibilidade de mecanização de todos os seus processos agrícolas. Uma alternativa comum para a redução da umidade de culturas é a aplicação de herbicidas dessecantes, contudo, não há pesquisas que elucidem a perda de umidade da massa colhida de sorgo com a aplicação de dessecantes na parte aérea, antes da colheita. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar aplicação de glyphosate na dessecação do sorgo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, no esquema fatorial 2x5x4, constituídos por: duas cultivares de sorgo (BRS 716 e CR 1342); cinco doses de glyphosate (0, 720, 1.440, 2.160 e 2.880 g ingrediente ativo ha-1) e quatro épocas de coleta das plantas (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação), com 4 repetições. Durante as diferentes épocas de coleta das plantas foram realizadas as avaliações da biomassa fresca e seca dos colmos e folhas e porcentagem de biomassa seca dos colmos e das folhas. A aplicação do glyphosate não foi eficaz no processo de dessecação das plantas de sorgo biomassa BRS 716 e CR1342.
O Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf) incluiu agricultores familiares no quadro das políticas públicas, ao seguir as tendências das políticas da década de 1990 de democratizar acesso a recursos financeiros. A sustentabilidade foi inserida no programa. Neste estudo, o propósito geral foi analisar os objetivos do Pronaf, no contexto do desenvolvimento econômico. Considerou-se que o Pronaf não permitiria avaliar a relação entre atividades desenvolvidas e resultados obtidos pelo programa. Assim, seria inconsistente. Além de analisar documentos oficiais, outros objetivos específicos foram analisar a consistência do Pronaf e, em caso de inconsistência, propor uma matriz de estrutura lógica. Nenhum projeto foi encontrado, apenas a legislação. A análise desta não permitiu o preenchimento da matriz e isso indica inconsistência. Propôs-se uma matriz completa.
This study proposes to examine the potential use of Bacillus aryabhattai in pre-sprouted seedlings of sugarcane inoculated with the microorganism when subjected to different regimes of water supply after transplanting. The experiment was laid out in a randomized-block design with a complete 3 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, in five replicates. The factors were represented by pre-sprouted seedlings of three sugarcane varieties (IAC 911099, RB 855156 and CTC 20), two seedling types (inoculated and not inoculated with B. aryabhattai) and five frequencies of water supply, which provided the ability of return to 100% soil field capacity, at every 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days. Plant mortality, plant height, number of leaves, stalk diameter and number of tillers were evaluated throughout the experimental period. At the end of the study, the shoot dry matter (SDM) and root dry matter (RDM) contents of the plants were measured. The number of leaves on the plant was affected only in isolation, according to the cultivar, without effects of the other studied factors. There was a double interaction effect between the factors of variety and inoculation (V*I) for the variables of SDM, stalk diameter and height; and between frequency and inoculation (F*I) for stalk diameter. There was a triple interaction effect between variety, inoculation and frequency (V*I*F) for the RDM variable. Thus, the use of B. aryabhattai as an inoculant in pre-sprouted seedlings of sugarcane at the time of seedling formation can improve plant development after transplanting depending on the cultivar used, especially in IAC 911099 and RB 855156.
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