This study indicates that parental misconceptions about size and safety of regular restraint equipment are the most common reason that children are not appropriately restrained in vehicles. This information can be used to guide community intervention programs.
ABSTRACT. Objective. Safe storage of firearms has been recommended as a means of preventing gun-related pediatric injuries, yet few interventions have led to significant improvements in storage practices. This study examined a multifaceted community education campaign to promote safe handgun storage and the campaign's impact on firearm locking and loading practices in households with children.Methods. Beginning in 1997, a safe-storage campaign consisting of television and radio announcements, educational materials, billboards, and discount coupons for lock boxes was conducted in King County, Washington. The campaign evaluation used a quasi-experimental design and compared the intervention site with 9 control counties outside Washington State and west of the Mississippi River. Cross-sectional, random-digit-dial telephone surveys of handgun-owning households with children were conducted in all study counties both before the intervention in 1996 (n ؍ 302) and again in 2001 (n ؍ 255). The main analyses assessed whether greater improvements in household firearm-storage practices occurred between 1996 and 2001 in the intervention, compared with the control, counties. Primary outcomes were based on up to 3 handguns per household and included (1) all stored with trigger locks, lock boxes, or gun safes (formal locking devices), (2) all stored in lock boxes or gun safes, (3) any stored loaded, (4) any stored loaded without a formal locking device, and (5) any stored loaded and not in a lock box or gun safe. Data were also collected on up to 1 long gun per household; long-gun outcomes included (1) stored with a trigger lock or gun safe and (2) stored loaded.Results. Overall, handguns and long guns were generally more likely to be stored locked and less likely to be loaded in 2001 compared with 1996, with these trends seeming to be more consistent in the intervention county. Even so, more than one quarter of households with children and handguns in 2001 failed to store all of their handguns with a formal locking device, and up to 8% continued to possess at least 1 loaded handgun that was not stored with a formal device. At least 4 nonfatal gunshot wounds are treated in emergency departments for every fatal firearm injury in children and young adults. 2,3 Attempts to prevent firearm injuries by altering storage methods may have broader support than efforts to remove firearms from households. [4][5][6][7][8][9] The elevated risks of homicide and suicide associated with household availability or purchase of firearms 10-17 seem to be strongest for handguns and when guns are stored loaded or unlocked. 13,14,17 by guest on May 9, 2018 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/ Downloaded from use of accessible, loaded guns owned by adults and stored at their residences. [17][18][19][20][21] State Child Access Prevention (CAP) laws instituting criminal penalties if a child gains access to improperly stored firearms have been associated with reductions in children's unintentional shooting deaths. 22,23 More than one third of US ho...
In contrast to the steady reduction in mortality and morbidity from collisions involving motor vehicle occupants, relatively little progress has been made in controlling motor vehicle/pedestrian collisions. Engineering modifications are the most effective means of reducing such collisions, but mainly because of their cost, and public apathy about pedestrian safety, are too rarely employed.A modest experiment in community action was undertaken by attempting to induce the authorities of 10 small cities to apply for state funds to create a single model pedestrian refuge in their respective communities. Our hope was that this model would later lead to more widespread improvements. The key elements of the campaign were organizing local pedestrian safety task forces, compiling local pedestrian injury statistics, and publicizing the stories of pedestrian injury victims.At the conclusion of the planning process, all 10 target communities submitted grant applications and all 10 received full grant funding. Five projects were completed as planned, two are under construction, and the plans for three were abandoned.Pedestrian safety is not an issue that captures public attention. To make progress, goals must be modest, and a dedicated constituency must be developed. "Victim advocacy" is a vital part of this process. Progress in injury control requires concerted community action.
This discussion explores a striking correspondence between conservative, liberal, and egalitarian political attitudes and the three upper stages in Kohlberg’s schema of moral development. In the context of cognitive-developmental theory, the correspondence entails that political ideologies can be ranked in order of cognitive adequacy, but analysis of the evidence uncovers only ‘soft’ political stages. The success of Habermas’s alternative attempt to derive the moral stages from stages of interactive competence depends upon viewing competence in terms of the evolution of communicative practices rather than genuine structural development. His reconciliation of broadly Piagetan and broadly Marxist forms of structuralism leaves the former able to account for prepolitical reasoning but ties political argument to a set of alternative institutional forms rather than to a hierarchy of historical stages.
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