To test the value of overt responding with young children, a total of 198 primary grade children divided into 2 matched groups were individually taught, by a teaching machine, a 3-week unit in physical science. The overt response group was required to respond to each frame by selecting the correct answer before the program would advance. The nonovert response group merely observed the entire program as it was automatically presented. Both groups learned significantly more than an uninstructed control group, but the difference between nonovert and overt responders was not significant.
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