A very low percentage of lung cancer (LC) cases are discovered at an early and treatable stage of the disease, leading to an abysmally low 5-year survival rate. This underscores the immediate necessity for improved diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for LC. Biopsied lung tissue, blood, and plasma are common sources used for LC diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. A growing number of studies have reported saliva to be a useful biological sample for early and noninvasive detection of oral and systemic diseases. Nevertheless, salivary biomarker discovery remains underresearched. Here, we have compiled the available literature to provide an overview of the current understanding of salivary markers for LC detection and provided perspectives for future clinical significance. Valuable markers with diagnostic and prognostic potentials in LC have been discovered in saliva, including metabolic (catalase activity, triene conjugates, and Schiff bases), inflammatory (interleukin 10, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), proteomic (haptoglobin, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein, and calprotectin), genomic (epidermal growth factor receptor), and microbial candidates (Veillonella and Streptococcus). In combination, with each other and with other established screening methods, these salivary markers could be useful for improving early detection of the disease and ultimately improve the survival odds of LC patients. The existing literature suggests that saliva is a promising biological sample for identification and validation of biomarkers in LC, but how saliva can be utilized most effectively in a clinical setting for LC management is still under investigation.
Lactate treatment has shown a therapeutic potential for several neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. In order to optimize the administration of lactate for studies in mouse models, we compared blood lactate dynamics after intraperitoneal (IP) and subcutaneous (SC) injections. We used the 5xFAD mouse model for familial Alzheimer’s disease and performed the experiments in both awake and anaesthetized mice. Blood glucose was used as an indication of the hepatic conversion of lactate. In awake mice, both injection routes resulted in high blood lactate levels, mimicking levels reached during high-intensity training. In anaesthetized mice, SC injections resulted in significantly lower lactate levels compared to IP injections. Interestingly, we observed that awake males had significantly higher lactate levels than awake females, while the opposite sex difference was observed during anaesthesia. We did not find any significant difference between transgenic and wild-type mice and therefore believe that our results can be generalized to other mouse models. These results should be considered when planning experiments using lactate treatment in mice.
S100A16 is a member of the S100 protein family. S100A16 is expressed in a variety of human tissues, although at varying levels. S100A16 expression is especially high in tissues rich in epithelial cells. mRNA and protein levels of S100A16 have been reported to be differentially expressed in the majority of human cancers. Functionally, S100A16 has been linked to several aspects of tumorigenesis, for example, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Accordingly, S100A16 has been suggested to have both tumour-promoting and suppressive roles in human cancers. S100A16-mediated cellular functions are suggested to be mediated by the regulation of various signaling pathways/proteins including EMT-related proteins E-cadherin and Vimentin, PI3K-AKT, p53, MMP1-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, JNK/p38, etc. In addition to the functional roles, expression of S100A16 has been suggested to have prognostic potential in various cancer types. The aims of this review are to summarise the expression profile, identify common molecular partners and functional roles, and explore the prognostic potential of S100A16 in human cancers.
Background: We previously showed a tumor-suppressive function of S100A14 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to examine the prognostic significance and differentiation-related function of S100A14 in OSCC.Methods: S100A14 expression was examined in 170 OSCCs from Norwegian and Nepalese populations using immunohistochemistry. Pro-differentiation function was investigated by overexpressing and silencing S100A14 expression in OSCC-derived cells. External transcriptomic datasets were used to validate association between S100A14 and differentiation markers in OSCC.Result: Loss of S100A14 expression at the invading tumor fronts significantly correlated with poor differentiation and reduced 10-years survival of OSCCpatients. Multivariate Cox analysis identified S100A14 to be an independent prognostic factor. Modulation of S100A14 expression in OSCC-derived cells
Purpose: Maintaining mature and viable retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) in vitro has proven challenging. Investigating compounds that can promote RPE-viability and maturation is motivated by RPE transplantation research, the quest to understand RPE physiology, and a desire to modulate RPE in pathological states. We have previously reported that the silk protein sericin promotes viability, maturation, and pigmentation of human fetal RPE. In the present study, our aim was to uncover whether these effects can be seen in adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line-19 and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE (iPSC-RPE).Methods: ARPE-19 and iPSC-RPE were cultured with or without 10 mg/mL sericin. After seven days, viability was assessed with calcein-acetoxymethyl ester (CAM) and ethidium homodimer-1 (EH-1) assays, flow cytometry, and morphometric analysis. Expression levels of RPE65, tyrosinase, and Pmel17 were quantified to compare maturation between the sericin-treated and control cultures.Light microscopy and staining of the tight junction protein zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) were employed to study sericin's effects on RPE morphology. We also measured culture medium pH, glucose, lactate, and extracellular ion content.Results: Sericin-supplemented RPE cultures demonstrated significantly better viability compared to control cultures. Sericin appeared to improve ARPE-19 maturation and morphology in vitro. No effects were seen on RPE pigmentation with the concentration of sericin and duration of cell culture herein reported.Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that supplementing the culture media with sericin promotes viability of iPSC-RPE and ARPE-19. Sericin's viability-promoting effects may have important implications for retinal therapeutics and regenerative medicine research.
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