Rational use and protection of land depend to a considerable degree on territorial planning documents, especially on municipality general plans which contain definitions of land use objective, character and type. National policy results depend on the quality of these documents. One of the most important territories planning objectives stated in the law on the Territorial Planning is: save, use rationally and restore natural resources; create healthy and harmonious environment for life, work and rest; form natural frame, save and support balance of landscape ecological systems, etc. Nevertheless, in preparing municipality general plans these objectives are frequently ignored –urbanization is planned in valuable strategic objectives of sustainable development (Dėl nacionalinės darnaus… 2009) say: harmonize natural territories, slopes and waterfronts, construction of dwelling houses is legitimated on farmlands, need for public, recreational spaces and greenery is ignored, etc. Estimating such experience of preparation of master plans, it can be said that these solutions mostly fall short of the requirements for sustainable spatial development aspects – social, economical, ecological. Seeking better care and more rational use of land – the greatest country wealth, it is necessary to fortify the administration of this field at both levels – national (Ministry of Environment) and local (Municipalities of cities and regions). This actuality should be better reflected in the laws and the system of standards
Nowadays, urban process competes with chaotic structure of land parcels that are not suitable for urban development. Land parcels are of various shapes that usually cannot be developed for building purposes. The structure of parcels is rearranged by planning documents - master and detailed plans. Master plans determine new land use of parcels. These planning documents are used to situate certain group of land parcels in an area of potential development, while other groups – in an area of restrictions or an area that is reserved for the public purposes. In this case, numerous problems occure. At first, the value of one group of parcels increases, meanwhile the value of other group of parcels decreases. Besides the expropriation of territories for the public purposes are carried out only in exceptional cases. Furthermore, many problems appear when urban territories are developed in very small plots by detailed planning. A suitable composition of parcels cannot be arranged for construction of residential houses. Besides, it is imposable to join all land owners for a common planning action in order to create territories of public use. In order to resolve such issues, the experience of mid-war Lithuania is described, as well as the know-how of foreign countries. Analysis of land readjustment process in mid-war Lithuania and other countries is carried out. A wider analysis of Germany as one of the most progressive countries in this field is presented. Santrauka Šiuo metu planuojant miestus daugeliu atvejų susiduriama su anksčiau susiklosčiusių žemės sklypų struktūra, kuri yra visiškai netinkama naujoms miestų teritorijoms formuoti. Vienos pagrindinių priemonių tokiai struktūrai pertvarkyti yra bendrieji bei detalieji planai. Bendraisiais, detaliaisiais planais žemės sklypų struktūra pertvarkoma numatant statybines, viešąsias teritorijas, nustatant naujas žemės sklypų naudojimo paskirtis, jų atskiras dalis paskirstant į skirtingas funkcines zonas, numatant statybines teritorijas, rezervuojant teritorijas visuomenės poreikiams ar pan. Detaliaisiais planais – suformuojant atskirus žemės sklypus, išskiriant visuomenės poreikiams reikalingų teritorijų žemės sklypus, numatant teritorijos naudojimo bei tvarkymo režimus ir pan. Tačiau šiais planavimo dokumentais žemės sklypų struktūra pertvakoma ne visada sėkmingai. Iškyla problemų, susijųsių su harmoningu teritorijų suplanavimu bei viešųjų, visuomeninių teritorijų suformavimu. Galimybės rengti mažo ploto sklypų detaliuosius planus dažnai neleidžia įvertinti visumos, kompoziciškai darnios erdvinės struktūros sukūrimo. O labai sudėtingos žemės visuomenės poreikiams paėmimo procedūros lemia, kad dažnai nėra sukuriamos tinkamos teritorijos poilsiui, sportui, kitiems visuomeniniams objektams. Straipsnyje, siekiant išryškinti miestų planavimo problemas ir įvertinti jų sprendimo galimybes, pasitelkiama tarpukario Lietuvos, taip pat užsienio šalių teritorijų planavimo patirtis. Šiuo tikslu pristatomas tarpukario Lietuvoje naudotas, o užsienyje ir šiuo metu taikomas žemės tvarkymo metodas bei svarbiausi jo uždaviniai. Kaip viena iš užsienio šalių, turinti didžiausią patirtį žemės pertvarkymo srityje, plačiau apžvelgiama Vokietija.
Success of city development depends not only on its political or economic power, level of infrastructure or favorable geographic location. The key factor of success is people living in the city and their ability to collectively and proactively respond to challenges that 21st century cities are facing. In democratic societies local communities of cities are the most important cells of their structure as they facilitate or impede a sustainable and balanced local development. Although the term of (urban) community vitality is becoming more popular in political agendas and academic research, still there is a lack of consistent and scientifically-based definition of this concept and its research methodology. This article justifies the relevance of the urban community vitality for city development, reviews interpretations of the content of this concept from different sciences perspective and proposes an interdisciplinary definition. This article presents the initial results of a broader research, which aim was to create a methodology for identification and analysis of vitality of urban communities.
Under the conditions of globalization and integration the issue of identity preservation with respect to the spatial structure of the Lithuanian cities, towns, townships and villages has been discussed by many authors. The need to protect the originality and identity of landscape in the countries of the world, their natural and cultural heritage, the spatial structure and architecture of the cities, towns, townships and villages under such complicated circumstances is considered in a number of national and international documents. On the basis of the carried out indoor research and field exploration the paper aims at the discussion of the most significant urbanistic, architectural, landscape and other features that form the specificity and identity of the Lithuanian cities, towns, townships and villages. The following specific features of the settlements have been analysed: the period when a settlement emerged, its visual interaction with the environment (panoramas, silhouettes), natural conditions (terrain line, water bodies, green spaces), plan and spatial structure (street network, building arrangement, squares, green spaces, etc.) and significant buildings (sacred, public and other buildings and constructions). Due to their significance and uniqueness all the mentioned features form the identity of the analysed object. The following objects were selected for the research: all towns (103), townships (249), church villages (301), villages as local administrative centres (97) and ordinary villages with adequate natural and cultural heritage (318), in all 1.068 settlements, or 5% from the total number of the country's settlements (21.043). On the basis of the carried out research, the paper analyses the historical development of Lithuanian cities, towns, townships and villages; the current demographical and urban status of the country's settlement system; defines the principles of settlement selection and identity research methods; discusses the research progress and the results obtained during the exploration of the specificity of the spatial structure of cities, towns, townships and villages. The analysis of the spatial structure of the country's largest cities has also been presented which reveals the violations of their most specific features (e.g. old towns, river valleys, etc.). The paper also offers a comparative analysis of the specificity of Lithuanian cities, towns, townships and villages and adequate types of settlements in foreign countries.
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