Authors' contributions: OL-F (principal investigator) wrote the first draft, with CD and LJ, who supported the statistical analysis and initial interpretation of the data. JB, DJK, HMP, MDG and OL-F supported the review of the second draft. JB, AS, MDG, and OL-F also supported the review of the third draft. All authors reviewed the manuscript adding comments and suggestions and oversaw the second and third drafts. All co-authors contributed to adapting the short version of the CIUS into their 3 languages, collecting data in their respective countries, and revising the subsequent versions until the final write-up of the manuscript.

The prevalence of mobile phone use across the world has increased greatly over the past two decades. Problematic Mobile Phone Use (PMPU) has been studied in relation to public health and comprises various behaviours, including dangerous, prohibited, and dependent use. These types of problematic mobile phone behaviours are typically assessed with the short version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ–SV). However, to date, no study has ever examined the degree to which the PMPU scale assesses the same construct across different languages. The aims of the present study were to (i) determine an optimal factor structure for the PMPUQ–SV among university populations using eight versions of the scale (i.e., French, German, Hungarian, English, Finnish, Italian, Polish, and Spanish); and (ii) simultaneously examine the measurement invariance (MI) of the PMPUQ–SV across all languages. The whole study sample comprised 3038 participants. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were extracted from the demographic and PMPUQ-SV items. Individual and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses alongside MI analyses were conducted. Results showed a similar pattern of PMPU across the translated scales. A three-factor model of the PMPUQ-SV fitted the data well and presented with good psychometric properties. Six languages were validated independently, and five were compared via measurement invariance for future cross-cultural comparisons. The present paper contributes to the assessment of problematic mobile phone use because it is the first study to provide a cross-cultural psychometric analysis of the PMPUQ-SV.

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ABSTRACT[Implementation of The Characteristics of the Heating Value of Briquettes in a Mixture  of Durian Skin and Coconut Shell Waste in Temperature and Heat Learning In SMPN 15 Bengkulu City]. This study aims to determine the characteristics and calorific value briquettes mix variations durian peel and coconut shell and knowing the increase in students cognitive learning outcomes after using briquettes as a practicum material on the temperature and heat material by using a model of Discovery Learning (DL) in SMP N 15 Bengkulu City. The type of research in used quasi eksperiment. The sampele in this study was extra curricular student class VII in SMP N 15 Bengkulu City. The calorific value of the briquette mixture of durian peel and coconut shell is determined by using the tool Bomb Calorimeter Chemistry Laboratory Basic Science UNIB and characteristics of the briquette was done Science Laboratory og SMPN 15 Bengkulu City. In this study, the skin of durian mixed Science Laboratory og SMPN 15 Bengkulu Citywith coconut shell with the composition (1) 20% of skin durian: 80% coconut shell; (2) 50% of the durian skin: 50% coconut shell and (3) 80% of the durian skin: 20% coconut shell.Data collection techniques in the implementation of such lerning achievement test in the form of multiple-choise has been validated. Results of research on the calorific value of the mixture at (1) amounted to 7306.81 cal / gram, at (2) amounting to 6487.31 cal / gram and in (3) of 6284.99 cal / gram. Characteristics of briquettes include water content was lost, the density of the briquettes and burning speed. Based on the results of dataprocessing showed that after learning by using the model of Discovery Learning (DL), cognitive learning outcomes of students has increased and the value of N-gain for the high grade was 0.78 in the high category, the group is sebesa 0.57 in the medium category and the lower group was 0.53 in the medium category.  Keywords: Charcoal briquettes; calorific value;characteristics of briquettes; Discovery Learning(Received July 13, 2019; Accepted August 7, 2019; Published October 22, 2019) ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakteristik dan nilai kalor briket variasi campuran kulit durian dan tempurung kelapa dan mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar kognitif siswa setelah menggunakan briket sebagai bahan praktikum pada materi suhu dan kalor dengan menggunakan model Discovery Learning di SMP N 15 Kota Bengkulu. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu quasi eksperimen. Sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu siswa kelas VII ekstra kurikuler KIR SMP N 15 Kota Bengkulu. Data nilai kalor briket campuran kulit durian dan tempurung kelapa ditentukan dengan menggunakan alat Bomb Calorimeter di Laboratorium Kimia Basic Science UNIB dan karakteristik briket di lakukan di Laboratorium IPA SMP N 15 Kota Bengkulu. Dalam penelitian ini kulit durian dicampur dengan tempurung kelapa dengan komposisi (1) 20% kulit durian: 80% tempurung kelapa; (2) 50% kulit durian: 50% tempurung kelapa dan (3) 80% kulit durian: 20% tempurung kelapa. Tehnik pengumpulan data pada implementasi pembelajaran berupa tes hasil belajar dalam bentuk pilihan ganda yang telah divalidasi. Hasil penelitian nilai kalor pada campuran (1) sebesar 7306,81 kal/gram, pada campuran (2) sebesar 6487,31 kal/gram dan pada campuran (3) sebesar 6284,99 kal/gram. Karakteristik briket meliputi kadar air hilang, kerapatan briket, kecepatan pembakaranbriket. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data menunjukkan bahwa setelah belajar dengan menggunakan model Discovery Learning (DL) hasil belajar kognitif peserta didik mengalami peningkatan dan nilai N-gain untuk kelas tinggi adalah sebesar 0,78 dalam kategori tinggi, kelompok sedang sebesa 0,57 dalam kategori sedang dan kelompok rendah sebesar 0,53 dalam kategori sedang. Kata Kunci: Briket  arang; nilai kalor;  karakteristik briket;Discovery LearningDAFTAR PUSTAKA Bahri, S. (2007). Pemanfaatan Limbah Industri Pengolahan Kayu untuk Pembuatan Briket Arang dalam Mengurangi Pencemaran di Nangroe Aceh Darusalam. Universitas Sumatera Utara.Elfiano, E.,Subekti, P., Sadil, A. (2014). Analisis Proksimat dan Nilai Kalor pada Briket Bioarang Limbah Ampas Tebu dan Arang kayu. Jurnal APTEK No 1 hal 57-64Emerhi,E.A. (2011). Physical and Combustion Proporties of Briquettes Produced from Sawdust of Three Hardwood Species and Different Organic Binders. Nigeria: Departement of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State. Univesity. WWW. Pelagiaresearch Library.comFajari, I. (2012).  Karakteristik Pembakaran Briket Arang Campuran Sekam Padi dan Serbuk Kayu Serta Implementasinya sebagai Model Pembelajaran Dengan LKS Kimia Berbasis Keterampilan Proses di SMA N 3 Lubuk Linggau. Bengkulu. Tesis Pascasarjana Universitas BengkuluHalimmatus, S . (2010). Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Durian dalam pembuatan Briket Arang sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif. Semarang: Fakultas Tehnik Universitas Negari SemarangHasbullah., Iskandar, T., Yuniningsih, S.(2018). Identifikasi Nilai Kalor pada Briket Biochar Berbahan Baku Kulit Durian. eUREKA. Jurnal Penelitian Mahasiswa Tehnik Sipil dan Tehnik Kimia 2(1) hal 1-8Hatta, V.(2007). Manfaat Kulit Durian Selezat Buahnya. Universitas Lampung. LampungHendra,D., Darmawan, S. (2000). Pembuatan Briket Arang Serbuk Gergajian Kayu dengan Penambahan Tempurung Kelapa. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan. Bogor.Jamilatun, S. (2008). Sifat-sifat Penyalaan dan Pembakaran Briket Biomassa, Briket Batubara dan Arang Kayu. Yogyakarta. Jurnal Rekayasa Proses, Vol 2, No. 2Nurhilal,O. (2017).Karakteristik Biobriket Campuran Serbuk Kayu dan Tempurung Kelapa. Bandung:Jurnal Material dan Energi Indonesia Vol 07 No 02(2017) Hal 13-16Nurhilal, O; Suryaningsih, S. (2018). Pengaruh Komposisi Campuran Sabut dan Tempurung Kelapa Terhadap Nilai Kalor Biobriket dengan Perekat Molase. Bandung: Jurnal Ilmu dan Inovasi Fisika Vol 02 No 01 (2018) 8-14Nuriana, W., Anisa, N dan Martana. (2013). Karakteristik Biobriket Kulit Durian Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif Terbarukan,Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian 23(1) hal 70-76Putri, I; Juliani, R; Lestari, N. (2017). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Discovery Learning terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa dan Aktivitas Siswa. Medan. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Vol 6.Sudiro, S., Farid, M., Swistoro, E. (2018). Hubungan antara kedalaman Permukaan Air Tanah dengan Salinitas di Pesisir Pantai Kungkai Baru serta Penggunaan Model Discovery Learning. PENDIPA Journal of Scince Education Vol 2 No 3 Triono. (2006). Karakteristik Briket arang dari campuran serbuk gergaji kayu Afrika (Aesopsis emini) dan Sengon(Paraserianthes falcarita) dengan Penambahan Tempurung Kelapa. Bogor. Institut Pertanian BogorVachlepi, A., Suwardin, D. (2013). Penggunaan Biobriket Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif dalam Pengeringan Karet Alami. Palembang. Balai Penelitian Sumbawa 32(2) hal 65-73 Yuliah, Y; Suryaningsih, S; Ulfi, K.(2017). Penentuan Kadar Air Hilang dan Voltile Matter pada Bio Briket dari Campuran Arang Sekam Padi dan Batok Kelapa. Bandung.  Jurnal Ilmu dan Fisika Vol 01, N0 01 51-57

Background: Patients with addiction often encounter negative attitudes from health care professionals, including medical doctors. Addiction medicine training might improve medical students' attitudes toward patients with addiction problems and change the way they think about addiction. We evaluated the effect of comprehensive addiction medicine training on students' attitudes and illness perceptions and explored which perceptions are most relevant for attitude development. Methods: In a quasi-experimental non-randomized study, fourth-year students (n ¼ 296) participated in either addiction medicine training (intervention) or one of three other blocks (control). We used the Medical Condition Regards Scale to measure attitudes and the Illness Perception Questionnaire Addiction version for perceptions. We analyzed the effect of the intervention using repeated measures MANOVA. The contribution of illness perception to attitude was explored in the intervention group using linear regression analysis. Results: Addiction medicine training improved students' attitudes toward patients with addiction, compared to the control group. After the training, students expressed a less demoralized perception, a stronger perception of a coherent understanding of addiction, addiction as a cyclical condition, and attributed addiction more to psychological factors, compared to the control group. In the intervention group, attitude and emotional representation before training and illness coherence after the training were associated with attitude after the training. Conclusions: Addiction medicine training is effective in improving medical students' attitudes toward patients with addiction and changing their illness perceptions of addiction. The development of an understanding of addiction might be particularly relevant for attitude improvement. These findings underscore the relevance of addiction medicine training as part of medical curricula and argue for including aspects related to attitude development in the curriculum.