The global energy system is undergoing a major transition, and in energy planning and decision-making across governments, industry and academia, models play a crucial role. Because of their policy relevance and contested nature, the transparency and open availability of energy models and data are of particular importance. Here we provide a practical how-to guide based on the collective experience of members of the Open Energy Modelling Initiative (Openmod). We discuss key steps to consider when opening code and data, including determining intellectual property ownership, choosing a licence and appropriate modelling languages, distributing code and data, and providing support and building communities. After illustrating these decisions with examples and lessons learned from the community, we conclude that even though individual researchers' choices are important, institutional changes are still also necessary for more openness and transparency in energy research
Economic theory suggests that comprehensive carbon pricing is most e cient to reach ambitious climate targets 1 , and previous studies indicated that the carbon price required for limiting global mean warming to 2 • C is between US$16 and US$73 per tonne of CO 2 in 2015 (ref. 2). Yet, a global implementation of such high carbon prices is unlikely to be politically feasible in the short term. Instead, most climate policies enacted so far are technology policies or fragmented and moderate carbon pricing schemes. This paper shows that ambitious climate targets can be kept within reach until 2030 despite a sub-optimal policy mix. With a state-of-the-art energy-economy model we quantify the interactions and unique e ects of three major policy components: (1) a carbon price starting at US$7 per tonne of CO 2 in 2015 to incentivize economy-wide mitigation, flanked by (2) support for low-carbon energy technologies to pave the way for future decarbonization, and (3) a moratorium on new coal-fired power plants to limit stranded assets. We find that such a mix limits the e ciency losses compared with the optimal policy, and at the same time lowers distributional impacts. Therefore, we argue that this instrument mix might be a politically more feasible alternative to the optimal policy based on a comprehensive carbon price alone.To limit the mitigation costs and risks of achieving the 2 • C target, it is essential to start comprehensive climate policy as early as possible 3-7 . Recent studies have shown that pledged reductions are not consistent with cost-efficient emissions pathways reaching the 2 • C target 8,9 . Furthermore, a continuation of climate policy at the current ambition level will not lead to a stabilization of climate change 3,6,10,11 , and the delay of more stringent mitigation actions will significantly exacerbate the challenge of reaching longterm climate policy objectives 3-6 . Current policies fail to induce the transformation of the energy system to the extent required by long-term climate targets and lead to further lock-in into carbon-intensive infrastructure. Not only do too much emissions occur in the near term, but also mitigation later on is rendered more difficult 12,13 . It is an important question whether technology policies can reduce such lock-in and mitigate the impacts of delay. Although a few studies based on global energy-economy models have considered single packages of technology policies in their analysis of twenty-first-century mitigation pathways 3,11,14 , none of them explored this question.The environmental economics literature has also not focused on the scope of technology policies for overcoming deficiencies in carbon pricing. In this strand of scholarly work, technology policies have mainly been analysed as means to cure market failures 70 65 60 55 74% 50 45 0 10 Sub-optimal carbon pricing Optimal carbon pricing 20 Carbon tax: additional policies lower emissions Technology policies: no Tech Combined C&L Emissions gap Carbon tax Cap-and-trade Carbon pricing: Coal moratorium Low-c...
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