Abstract. Seasonality of hydrographical properties at depth in the western Iberian margin (eastern North Atlantic) is analysed from a 2003-2010 time series of a semiannual oceanographic section extending ∼ 200 nm off Cape Finisterre (43 • N). All water masses down to the permanent thermocline (2000 dbar) show a consistent seasonal signature in their thermohaline properties and there is a notable asymmetry between the slope region and the outer ocean (in the surroundings of the Galicia Bank). There is overall cooling and freshening of eastern North Atlantic central waters in summertime, which is larger and deeper-reaching on the slope. In summertime, Mediterranean Water (MW) gets tightly attached against the slope and is uplifted, reinforcing its thermohaline signature and diminishing its presence at the outer ocean. In wintertime the situation reverses, MW seems to detach from the slope and spreads out to the open ocean, even being observed a secondary branch around the Galicia Bank. Thermohaline seasonality at depth shows values up to 0.4 • C and 0.08 in salinity at the lower MW, of the order of 20 % of the overall interannual variability observed during the whole period. Decomposition of thermohaline changes at isobaric levels to changes along isoneutral surfaces and changes due to vertical displacements help analyse the physical processes behind the observed seasonality in terms of (1) the large-scale seasonality of the subtropical gyre in response to the seasonal migration of the subtropical high pressure system and subsequent anomalies in Ekman transport and wind stress curl, (2) the continental slope dynamics, characterized by summer upwelling, winter development of the Iberian Poleward Current and Mediterranean water spreading, and (3) the possible influence of seasonal changes of water mass properties at their formation sources.
No abstract
The oceanic hydrography of the north-easternmost region of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre has been monitored since 2003 by three sections extending between 100 and 200 nautical miles from the Spanish NW and N coast into the Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay. The sections were occupied twice a year from 2003 to 2010, annually after that, and measure the whole water column (>5000 m). Correlation of series in the vertical and among sections, autocorrelation and estimates of the effect of the noise induced by the mesoscale field, all indicate that observed signatures are robust changes of water masses at the regional scale. The hydrographic time series are not characterized by smooth trends but instead by shifts that persist through consecutive cruises. The most notable features include a shift to more saline central waters around 2005 after which they remained stable, and a decrease in thermohaline properties of the Labrador Sea Water from autumn 2008 to 2010. Years with a strong winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index are characterized by shifts in thermohaline properties across most of the intermediate levels, with the most notable event being the warming and increasing salinity that followed the large NAO index drop of 2010. The observations are consistent with current understanding of the large-scale functioning of the North Atlantic, which predicts a northeastward expansion of subtropical temperate waters in the eastern boundary as a response to NAO forcing. The observed variability is discussed in relationship to large-scale circulation.
El estudio recoge la evolución de los principales indicadores del impacto de la transformación digital en diferentes sectores empresariales de la economía española, con los datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) -en virtud del convenio de colaboración suscrito entre ambas entidades-. Han colaborado en la revisión del informe las siguientes entidades y asociaciones: ADIGITAL, AMETIC, CEC (Confederación Española de Comercio), CEPYME, CONETIC y DIGITALES. Los 10 sectores de actividad empresarial analizados representan el 72,8% del total de las empresas de la economía española. Reservados todos los derechos. Se permite su copia y distribución por cualquier medio siempre que se mantenga el reconocimiento de sus autores, no se haga uso comercial de las obras y no se realice ninguna modificación de las mismas. INTRODUCCIÓNActualmente ya se mide el éxito empresarial como la capacidad de incorporar innovaciones tecnológicas para la creación de nuevos modelos empresariales, lo que se conoce como transformación digital. Este hecho es bien reconocido por las empresas españolas, un 90% de ellas declara que la adopción de una estrategia de digitalización adecuada es un factor clave para su crecimiento 1 .Además, la evolución de la economía digital está estrechamente ligada con una implicación activa de los organismos públicos a través de acciones como la inversión y fomento de la innovación, así como la creación de entornos confiables que mejoren el grado de confianza de los usuarios en Internet y las nuevas tecnologías 2 .Mediante la elaboración de este informe, llevado a cabo por el Observatorio Nacional de las Telecomunicaciones y Sociedad de la Información, se permite obtener una visión sobre la evolución de la transformación digital en los diferentes sectores económicos nacionales a través de la monitorización y evaluación temporal de una serie de indicadores de contexto sobre el uso y grado de integración de las TIC y el comercio electrónico tales como: Respecto a la distribución de estas empresas por categorías, la mayor parte ellas son microempresas; un 95,6% (-0,1 puntos porcentuales respecto al periodo anterior) del total. Asimismo, éstas son en su mayor parte empresas de hasta 2 empleados; un 82,8% (-4 p.p.) frente al 12,8% (-0,4 p.p.) que dispone de plantillas de entre 3 y 9 trabajadores.En cuanto al 4,4% (+0,1 p.p.) de pymes y grandes empresas restante, la mayor parte son pequeñas empresas (de entre 10 y 49 trabajadores); un 3,7% (+0,1 p.p.). El resto está conformado por un 0,6% (+0 p.p.) de medianas empresas (de 50 a 199 empleados) y un 0,2% (+0 p.p.) de grandes empresas (de 200 o más trabajadores). GRÁFICO 1. DISTRIBUCIÓN DE EMPRESAS Y MICROEMPRESAS EN ESPAÑA SEGÚN NÚMERO DE EMPLEADOS Fuente: ONTSI a partir de datos del DIRCE. INE, enero 2017 Representatividad de la masa laboralEl número de trabajadores en activo era de 8.464.762 según la Encuesta Anual Laboral dirigida a empresas con 5 o más empleados de media en el año 2016. Esto supone un incremento de la masa crítica de 367.270 trabajadores res...
The COVID-19 pandemic has created many challenges and barriers to care for patients on active cancer treatments including increased risk for morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 infection and restricted access to care. Specific patient groups, such as the uninsured and patients of underrepresented minority communities, have experienced this burden disproportionately. The rapid development and emergency authorization of COVID-19 vaccinations present an opportunity to mitigate some of this increased risk and improve health outcomes for patients on active cancer treatments. However, little is known regarding the rate of vaccination in this patient group. We study the rate of COVID-19 vaccination in a single institution infusion therapy clinic for cancer patients at a large academic county hospital in San Antonio which serves a high-risk patient population with a high representation of minority patient and uninsured patients. Patients were surveyed on arrival to the University Health System outpatient infusion clinic between May 2021 and June 2021. COVID-19 vaccinations became available to this patient population in February 2021. Starting the survey process three months after the first vaccination availability allowed sufficient time for patients to become fully vaccinated. Of the 194 patients surveyed between May 3, 2001 and June 25, 2021, 56% reported receiving at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccination which is lower than the community vaccination rate of 76%. Patients were given 6 options to choose from for declining the vaccination. They included: 1. I do not think it is safe for me because I have cancer 2. My doctor has not told me to get the vaccine 3. I want the vaccine but have not been able to schedule an appointment 4. I’m afraid of the side effects 5. I already had COVID, so I do not think I need the vaccine 6. Other The most common reason given for declining the vaccination was “My doctor has not told me to get the vaccine” by 30% of patients and the second most common was “I do not think it is safe for me because I have cancer” by 28% of patients. “I’m afraid of the side effects” was the third most common response given by 23% of patients. Interestingly, access to the vaccine was not a common reason with only 10% of patients reporting this reason for not getting vaccinated. The three most common reasons cancer patients declined the COVD-19 vaccination can all be addressed by improvement in patient/physician communication regarding the known safety of the novel COVID-19 vaccinations and the recommendation for cancer patients to be vaccinated to help improve overall safety of giving immunosuppressive medications during the pandemic. This study shows the impact that healthcare works can make in increasing the COVID-19 vaccination rate in a high-risk population. Citation Format: Kate I Lathrop, F, Eva Prieto, Stefany Viveros, F, Salyna Riggs, Eva Balboa, Juanita Murray, Cynthia Evans, Sukeshi Arora, F. Declining the COVID-19 vaccination: An evaluation of why some high risk cancer patients decline vaccination [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-14-17.
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