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Articles you may be interested inIn operando observation system for electrochemical reaction by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy with potential modulation method Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 104105 (2014); 10.1063/1.4898054 Sonochemically precipitated spinel Co 3 O 4 and NiCo 2 O 4 nanostructures as an electrode materials for supercapacitor AIP Conf. Proc. 1512, 1216 (2013); 10.1063/1.4791488Pt metal-CeO 2 interaction: Direct observation of redox coupling between Pt 0 / Pt 2 + / Pt 4 + and Ce 4 + / Ce 3 + states in Ce 0.98 Pt 0.02 O 2 − δ catalyst by a combined electrochemical and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study An electrochemical robotic system using standard microtiter plates as reaction wells for potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrosynthesis and high-throughput electroanalysis was conceived and realized using stepmotor driven positioning stages in combination with a flexible software. Electrode bundles specifically adapted to the experimental needs are accurately positioned in the wells of a microtiter plate followed by the automatic performance of sequences of electrosynthetic or electroanalytical techniques. The system allows us to work under inert-gas atmosphere, in aqueous and organic solvents, and to add or remove solutions by means of integrated syringe pumps. A specifically developed script language permits the user to perform very complex experimental sequences in the different wells of the microtiter plate. The hardware and software features of the developed electrochemical robotic system, the design of suitable electrode arrangements for electrosynthesis and electroanalytical techniques, as well as the reproducibility in aqueous and organic electrolytes are described. The performance of the system is demonstrated by redox screening of a Ru-complex library and by electrosynthesis with in situ analysis of a compound library.

The sections in this article are Introduction Basic Principles and Setup Application of Biosensors. Principal Considerations Biorecognition Elements Catalytic Biorecognition Elements Bioaffinity Recognition Elements Transducers and Instrumentation Amperometric Electrodes Potentiometric Sensors Conductometric and Impedimetric Transducers Coupling of Biorecognition Elements and Transducers Specific Features of Electrochemical Biosensors Amperometric Biosensors Shuttle Mechanism Using Free‐diffusing Natural Redox Mediators Artificial Redox Compounds as Free‐diffusing Electron‐Transfer Mediators Immobilized Redox Mediators—“Electroenzymes” “Wired” Enzymes by Means of Redox Hydrogels Conducting Polymers Direct Electron Transfer between Redox Enzymes and Electrodes Potentiometric Biosensors Potentiometric Enzyme Biosensors Potentiometric Immunosensors Field‐effect Transistors Conductometric and Impedimetric Biosensors Miniaturization and Future Aspects Miniaturized Transducers Advantages and Problems of Miniaturized Biosensors Multisensor Arrays and Sensor Chips

256 Oligomere umfasst die Quaterthiophenbibliothek, deren Elemente 1 mit einer Kombination aus Parallel‐ und „Mix‐and‐split“‐Synthese erhalten wurden. Die mit einem neu entwickelten automatisierten Screening‐Verfahren zur Aufnahme von Cyclovoltammogrammen erhaltenen Daten erlaubten die Aufstellung von Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen, die für ein künftiges Design derartiger π‐konjugierter Oligomere relevant sind.