Water distributed in deep soil reservoirs is an important factor determining the ecosystem structure of water-limited environments, such as the seasonal tropical savannas of South America. In this study a two-dimensional (2D) geoelectrical profiling technique was employed to estimate seasonal dynamics of soil water content to 10-m depth along transects of 275 m in savanna vegetation during the period between 2002 and 2006. Methods were developed to convert resistivity values along these 2D resistivity profiles into volumetric water content (VWC) by soil depth. The 2D resistivity profiles revealed the following soil and aquifer structure characterizing the underground environment: 0–4 m of permanently unsaturated and seasonally droughty soil, less severely dry unsaturated soil at about 4–7 m, nearly permanently saturated soil between 7 and 10 m, mostly impermeable saprolite interspaced with fresh bedrock of parent material at about 10–30 m, and a region of highly conductive water-saturated material at 30 m and below. Considerable spatial variation of these relative depths is clearly demonstrated along the transects. Temporal dynamics in VWC indicate that the active zone of water uptake is predominantly at 0–7 m, and follows the seasonal cycles of precipitation and evapotranspiration. Uptake from below 7 m may have been critical for a short period near the beginning of the rainy season, although the seasonal variations in VWC in the 7–10-m layer are relatively small and lag the surface water recharge for about 6 months. Calculations using a simple 1-box water balance model indicate that average total runoff was 15–25 mm month−1 in the wet season and about 6–9 mm month−1 in the dry season. Modeled ET was about 75–85 mm month−1 in the wet season and 20–25 mm month−1 in the dry season. Variation in basal area and tree density along one transect was positively correlated with VWC of the 0–3-m and 0–7-m soil depths, respectively, during the wettest months. These multitemporal measurements demonstrate that the along-transect spatial differences in soil moisture are quasi-permanent and influence vegetation structure at the scale of tens to hundreds of meters.
RESUMOO conhecimento da distribuição granulométrica dos sedimentos em suspensão em cursos d'água é fundamental para a realização de estudos hidrossedimentológicos. As técnicas geralmente utilizadas para a avaliação da distribuição granulométrica de amostras de sedimentos resultam em valores pontuais, dependendo de posterior interpolação para o traçado da curva granulométrica e para a obtenção de diâmetros característicos específicos. A transformação de valores pontuais em funções contínuas pode ser realizada por meio de modelos matemáticos; entretanto, são poucos os estudos desenvolvidos com a finalidade de determinar o melhor modelo para o ajuste de curvas granulométricas. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se a seleção de modelos para o traçado de curvas granulométricas de sedimentos em suspensão em rios; utilizando-se 30 amostras contendo de 8 a 10 pontos medidos, testaram-se 14 diferentes modelos. A comparação entre os modelos foi baseada na diferença da soma do quadrado dos erros entre os valores observados e os ajustados, cujos resultados indicaram que os modelos Haverkamp & Parlange (1986) e Skaggs et al. (2001), ambos com 3 parâmetros de ajuste, são os melhores para o traçado das curvas granulométricas de amostras de sedimentos em suspensão em rios.Palavras-chave: hidrossedimentologia, hidrossedimentometria, curvas de crescimento Selection of models for adjusting particle size distribution curves of suspended sediments in river ABSTRACTThe knowledge about particle-size distribution of suspended sediments in river is fundamental for some hydrosedimentological studies. In general, the techniques used to determine the particle-size distribution of a sample results in pointwise values, demanding a subsequent interpolation to fit the complete particle-size distribution curve and to obtain specific characteristic diameters values. The transformation of discrete points into continuous functions can be made by mathematical models. However, few studies have been developed with the purpose of determining the best model for fitting particle-size distribution curves. The objective of this paper was to select models for fitting particlesize distribution curves of suspended sediments in river water. Using the particle-size distribution, results from 30 samples of suspended sediments of river with 8 to 10 measured points, with 14 different models were tested. The parameter used to compare the models was the sum of the square errors between the measured and calculated values obtained in the adjustment of each model. The results showed that the Haverkamp & Parlange (1986) and Skaggs et al. (2001) models, both with three fitting parameters, are the best for adjusting particle-size distribution curves of river suspended sediment samples.
O uso de modelos matemáticos facilita o cálculo dos parâmetros de uniformidade e eficiência de sistemas de irrigação e, por isso, sua utilização deve ser incentivada. Com este trabalho se propõe o uso de uma função polinomial na avaliação de sistemas de irrigação e desenvolver as relações matemáticas para o cálculo dos principais indicadores de desempenho, utilizando-se esta função. Para definir o modelo a ser proposto e verificar sua aplicabilidade, realizaram-se comparações entre os resultados obtidos com funções polinomiais de vários graus e o modelo Potencial Silva, utilizando-se dados de 91 casos de avaliação de desempenho de diversos sistemas de irrigação. A seleção do modelo polinomial mais adequado foi efetuada por meio da comparação de curvas ajustadas à distribuição das freqüências acumuladas da soma de quadrados dos erros, obtidos no ajuste dos modelos a cada conjunto de valores de água aplicada. Os resultados revelaram que a função polinomial do quinto grau é a recomendada para descrever perfis de distribuição da água aplicada por sistemas de irrigação e derivar expressões matemáticas para o cálculo dos indicadores de desempenho correspondentes.
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