Magic-sized clusters (MSCs) can be isolated as intermediates in quantum dot (QD) synthesis, and they provide pivotal clues in understanding QD growth mechanisms. We report syntheses for two families of heterogeneous-atom-incorporated InP MSCs that have chlorine or zinc atoms. All the MSCs could be directly synthesized from conventional molecular precursors. Alternatively, each series of MSCs could be prepared by sequential conversions. 386-InP MSCs could be converted to F360-InP:Cl MSCs, then to F399-InP:Cl MSCs. Similarly, F360-InP:Zn MSCs could be converted to F408-InP:Zn MSCs, then to F393-InP:Zn MSCs. As the conversion proceeded, evolution from uni-molecule-like to QD-like characters was observed. Early stage MSCs showed active interstate conversions in the excited states, which is characteristics of small molecules. Later stage MSCs exhibited narrow photoinduced absorptions at lower-energy region like QDs. The crystal structure also gradually evolved from polytwistane to more zinc-blende.

BackgroundThe accurate monitoring and evaluation of malaria vectors requires efficient sampling. The objective of this study was to compare methods for sampling outdoor-biting Anopheles mosquitoes in Cambodia.MethodsIn the Cambodian provinces of Pursat, Preah Vihear, and Ratanakiri, six different mosquito trapping methods were evaluated: human landing collection (HLC), human-baited tent (HBT), cow-baited tent (CBT), CDC miniature light trap (LT), CDC miniature light trap baited with molasses and yeast (LT-M), and barrier fence (F) in a Latin square design during four or six consecutive nights at the height of the malaria transmission season.ResultsUsing all traps, a total of 507, 1175, and 615 anophelines were collected in Pursat, Preah Vihear, and Ratanakiri, respectively. CBTs captured 10- to 20-fold more anophelines per night than the other five sampling methods. All 2297 Anopheles mosquitoes were morphologically identified and molecularly typed using standard morphological keys and sequencing the rDNA ITS2 region to distinguish cryptic species, respectively. Overall, an extremely diverse set of 27 known Anopheles species was sampled. CBTs captured the same molecular species that HLCs and the other four traps did, as well as additional species. Nine specimens representing five Anopheles species (Anopheles hyrcanus, Anopheles barbirostris sensu stricto, Anopheles barbirostris clade III, Anopheles nivipes, and Anopheles peditaeniatus) were infected with Plasmodium falciparum and were exclusively captured in CBTs.ConclusionsThese data indicate that cow-baited tents are highly effective in sampling diverse Anopheles malaria vectors in Cambodia. This sampling method captured high numbers of anophelines with limited sampling effort and greatly reduced human exposure to mosquito bites compared to the gold-standard human landing collection.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1488-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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reactions. Depending on the hardness/softness of the ion-pair ligands, the NC surface shows disparate reactions of (i) Xtype anion replacing native X-and L-type ligands, (ii) binding as the whole ion-pair ligand, and (iii) one-to-one exchange by the positive cation ligand. Ion-pair-assisted surface chemistry enables the synthesis of perfectly stoichiometric-surfaced Ag 2 S NCs, which shows that the fluorescence intensity increased by more than ten times, and epitaxial ZnS growth on st-Ag 2 S was enhanced more than three times when compared with non-stoichiometric NCs.

Yoga stretching for 90 min can increase salivary HBD-2 expression in older adults. Therefore, yoga stretching might be useful for older adults and athletes to maintain their health.

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