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Recebido em 5/9/08; aceito em 29/4/09; publicado na web em 28/10/09 CAROTENOIDS PRODUCTION: MICROORGANISMS AS SOURCE OF NATURAL DYES. Carotenoids are natural dyes synthesized by plants, algae and microorganisms. Application in many sectors can be found, as food dyeing and supplementation, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and animal feed. Recent investigations have shown their ability to reduce the risks for many degenerative diseases like cancer, heart diseases, cataract and macular degeneration. An advantage of microbial carotenoids is the fact that the cultivation in controlled conditions is not dependent of climate, season or soil composition. In this review the advances in bio-production of carotenoids are presented, discussing the main factors that influence the microbial production of these dyes in different systems.

sellowii, ácido cianídrico (0,032% na planta seca), substância com toxidez comprovada. Constatou-se também, que a composição química das folhas está intimamente relacionada com a espécie, época de coleta do material, posição e idade das mesmas, além das condições de solo e clima.

This paper aim to evaluate the ultrafiltration (UF) process for constituents recovery from whey. Sequences of factorial designs were performed by varying temperature (5 to 40°C) and pressure (1 to 3 bar), to maximize the proteins concentration using membrane of 100kDa in dead end system. Based on the best result new experiments were performed with membrane of 50kDa and 10kDa. With the membrane of 50 the protein retention was about 3 times higher than the membrane of 100kDa. The concentrated obtained by UF membrane of 10kDa, 10°C and 2 bar in laboratory scale showed a mean protein retention of 80 %, greater protein solubility, emulsion stability and the identification of β-lactoglobulins (18.3 kDa) and α-lactalbumin fractions (14.2kDa). Therefore, the use of membrane of 100 and 50kDa are became a industrially recommendable alternatives to concentration of whey proteins, and/or as a previous step to the fractionation of whey constituents using membrane ≤10kDa, aiming at future applications in different areas (food, pharmaceutical, chemical, etc.).

The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of the addition of dried extract from mate leaves and mesophilic cultures (Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and cremoris) on the chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of Prato cheese. The Prato cheese presented high moisture contents (49 to 53 %) and mean pH values of 5.15 for all tested formulations. The addition of mate leaves extract in the product did not influence the growth of the microbial cultures. During the maturation time, all formulations with the addition of adjunct cultures and mate leaves extract presented lower levels of lipid and protein oxidation compared to the control, proving the antioxidant effect of mate extract. The formulation of Prato cheese added of 0.1 wt.% of extract presented acceptability of about 80 % after 30 days of maturation. The sensory evaluation showed that only the formulation added by adjunct culture and 0.2 wt.% of mate extract presented lower values for the attributes global acceptance, texture and flavor, compared to the control. The formulations added of mate leaves extract presented residual bitter flavor after 45 days of storage.

RESUMOA conservação pós-colheita das raízes de mandioca tem sido uma preocupação das indústrias e produtores, devido ao curto tempo de estocagem e a alta perecibilidade das raízes. Dois fenômenos são apontados como responsáveis pela deterioração das raízes, um de ordem fisiológica, provocando a perda inicial da qualidade por meio do desenvolvimento da descoloração vascular do tecido parenquimatoso, e o outro, de ordem microbiana, que se segue à fisiologia, responsável pela decomposição do produto. Dessa forma, com o presente trabalho, objetivou-se estudar a conservação das raízes de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), submetidas à higienização em água clorada e armazenadas em três tipos de embalagens, bandeja de isopor envolta em filme de policloreto de vinila (PVC), embalagem multicamada (poliéster Saram-13,5μ/polietileno-100μ) com e sem vácuo e resfriadas (5 ± 0,5°C), mediante análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas, fisiológicas e sensoriais. A conservação de mandioca minimamente processada sob refrigeração para os tratamentos realizados, é possível diferenciando-se o período de armazenamento, sendo que para as amostras armazenadas em bandeja, o período de armazenamento foi de 7 dias, no selado e a vácuo foi de aproximadamente 24 dias, respectivamente. TERMOS PARA INDEXAÇÃO:Mandioca, processamento mínimo, embalagem. ABSTRACTPost harvest of cassava roots has been a great concern in food industries and producers due to the short shelf life and high perishability. Several phenomena have been pointed out as responsible for root deterioration. Among them there are physiological aspects, that lead to losses in initial quality through vascular discoloration of parenchymatous tissue. On the other hand, phenomena from microbial origin, which follow the physiological alterations, are responsible for product decomposition. In this context, this work was aimed at investigating the conservation of cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) submitted to chlorinated water, and stored using different packings: expanded polystyrene trays covered with PVC, multi-shell packing (polyester Saram-13.5μ/polyethylene-100μ) with and without vacuum and exposed to a cold environment (5 ± 0.5°C). Physico-chemical, microbiological, physiological and sensorial analyses were conducted in this study. Results showed that conservation of cassava roots minimally processed under refrigeration seems to be feasible, resulting in adequate conservation for up to 7 day in trays and 24 days for samples kept sealed and under vacuum. INDEX TERMS:Cassava, minimum processing, packing. INTRODUÇÃOBuscando atender às mudanças de mercado, novos produtos alimentares estão sendo testados e inovados a fim de suprir a demanda existente. Os produtos brutos (in natura) cedem progressivamente lugar para os produtos pré-aquecidos e pré-elaborados, denominados minimamente processados. Como resultado das pesquisas alimentícias desenvolvidas no mundo todo, a demanda de frutas e vegetais minimamente processados, ou também chamados de vegetais e frutas de quarta geraçã...

The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of the addition of dried extract from mate leaves on the oxidative stability (lipid and protein), microbiological characteristics (lactic and Micrococcaceae bacteria) and sensory attributes of formulations of Italian-type sausages. The different Italian-type sausages formulations tested in this work were in agreement with the legislation in terms of chemical and microbiological parameters. During storage, the formulation with 0.4 wt% of mate leaves extract presented lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonyl values compared with the control, proving the antioxidant action of the extract. The sensory characteristics of flavour, texture and global acceptation were not affected by the addition of mate extract compared with the formulation with artificial antioxidant.