The design of certain seawalls / breakwaters has often been required to achieve very low target overtopping discharges when these structures protect vulnerable infrastructure or activities. The balance between economically viable protection and performance requirements is often difficult to achieve without good knowledge on low overtopping. The paucity of data in this space and the high uncertainties associated with existing methods, increase the challenge. The occurrence of a low number of overtopping waves has the consequence that any test results are substantially more affected by the inherent variation of random waves, therefore more uncertain. The physical model test results presented hereafter were successful in obtaining low to very low overtopping discharge data. For low / very low overtopping, these test data present considerable scatter relative to the latest empirical prediction. A number of repetitions was performed for conditions giving very low overtopping discharges, which illustrated the inherent uncertainty associated with low overtopping.
Wave overtopping of sea defences poses a hazard to people and infrastructure. Rising sea levels and limited resources mean accurate prediction tools are needed to deliver cost-effective shoreline management plans. A dearth of in-situ data means that the numerical tools used for flood forecasting and coastal scheme design are based largely on data from idealised flume studies, and the resulting overtopping predictions may have orders of magnitude uncertainty. Furthermore, such studies usually only provide data on the total volume of overtopping water, and no data on the speed of the water. Here we present a novel system "WireWall" that measures the speed and volume of overtopping water on a wave-by-wave basis. We describe the successful validation of WireWall against traditional flume methods and present results from the first trial deployments at a sea wall in the UK. WireWall results are also compared with numerical predictions from widely-used industry rules (EurOtop).
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