ABackground: Acupressure involves pressing acupuncture points with a finger or a device and can be used for treating several musculoskeletal pain conditions, including osteoarthritis, lower back pain [LBP], and rheumatoid diseases. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of acupressure for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. Findings: A total of 180 relevant articles were identified, and four randomized controlled trials [RCTs] met our inclusion criteria. Two of these RCTs tested the effects of acupressure compared to routine therapies in patients with chronic LBP. Pain was significantly reduced in patients treated with acupressure compared to control [untreated] patients. One RCT compared acupressure using electrical stimulation to conventional treatment and reported favorable effects on pain reduction and function in patients with nonspecific sub-acute LBP. Another RCT tested acupressure using aroma oil on pain conditions compared to conventional treatment and showed favorable effects in patients with neck pain. Conclusion: Our results provide limited evidence for the effectiveness of acupressure in the treatment of LBP and neck pain. However, the methodological caveats prevented us from drawing definitive conclusions. J Muscoskeletal Pain Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Nyu Medical Center on 06/05/15 For personal use only.F 2. A forest plot of acupressure for LBP showing the pain intensity for acupressure versus physical therapy at (a) post-treatment [four weeks] and (b) follow-up [six months].Kim et al. J Muscoskeletal Pain Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Nyu Medical Center on 06/05/15 For personal use only. Acupressure for Musculoskeletal Pain J Muscoskeletal Pain Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Nyu Medical Center on 06/05/15For personal use only.
The objectives of this study are to analyze the satellite visibility at the randomly established ground sites, to determine the five optimal ground sites to perform the optical surveillance and tracking of domestic satellites, and to verify the acquisition of the optical observation time sufficient to maintain the precise ephemeris at optimal ground sites that have been already determined. In order to accomplish these objectives, we analyzed the visibility for sun-synchronous orbit satellites, low earth orbit satellites, middle earth orbit satellites and domestic satellites as well as the continuous visibility along with the fictitious satellite ground track, and calculate the effective visibility. For the analysis, we carried out a series of repetitive process using the satellite tool kit simulation software developed by Analytical Graphics Incorporated. The lighting states of the penumbra and direct sun were set as the key constraints of the optical observation. The minimum of the observation satellite elevation angle was set to be 20 degree, whereas the maximum of the sun elevation angle was set to be-10 degree which is within the range of the nautical twilight. To select the candidates for the optimal optical observation, the entire globe was divided into 84 sectors in a constant interval, the visibility characteristics of the individual sectors were analyzed, and 17 ground sites were arbitrarily selected and analyzed further. Finally, five optimal ground sites (Khurel Togoot Observatory, Assy-Turgen Observatory, Tubitak National Observatory, Bisdee Tier Optical Astronomy Observatory, and South Africa Astronomical Observatory) were determined. The total observation period was decided as one year. To examine the seasonal variation, the simulation was performed for the period of three days or less with respect to spring, summer, fall and winter. In conclusion, we decided the optimal ground sites to perform the optical surveillance and tracking of domestic satellites and verified that optical observation time sufficient to maintain the precise ephemeris could be acquired at the determined observatories.
KASI (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute) has developed an SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) system since 2008. The name of the development program is ARGO (Accurate Ranging system for Geodetic Observation). ARGO has a wide range of applications in the satellite precise orbit determination and space geodesy research using SLR with mm-level accuracy. ARGO-M (Mobile, bistatic 10 cm transmitting/40 cm receiving telescopes) and ARGO-F (Fixed stationary, about 1 m transmitting/receiving integrated telescope) SLR systems development will be completed by 2014. In 2011, ARGO-M system integration was completed. At present ARGO-M is in the course of system calibration, functionality, and performance tests. It consists of six subsystems, OPS (Optics System), TMS (Tracking Mount System), OES (Opto-Electronic System), CDS (Container-Dome System), LAS (Laser System) and AOS (ARGO Operation System). In this paper, ARGO-M system structure and integration status are introduced and described.
Korea's lunar exploration project includes the launching of an orbiter, a lander (including a rover), and an experimental orbiter (referred to as a lunar pathfinder). Laser altimeters have played an important scientific role in lunar, planetary, and asteroid exploration missions since their first use in 1971 onboard the Apollo 15 mission to the Moon. In this study, a laser altimeter was proposed as a scientific instrument for the Korean lunar orbiter, which will be launched by 2020, to study the global topography of the surface of the Moon and its gravitational field and to support other payloads such as a terrain mapping camera or spectral imager. This study presents the baseline design and performance model for the proposed laser altimeter. Additionally, the study discusses the expected performance based on numerical simulation results. The simulation results indicate that the design of system parameters satisfies performance requirements with respect to detection probability and range error even under unfavorable conditions.
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