Axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system fail to regenerate after injury. By contrast, spontaneous axon regeneration occurs in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) due to a supportive PNS environment and an increase in the intrinsic growth potential induced by injury via cooperative activation of multifaceted biological pathways. This study compared axon regeneration and injury responses in C57BL/6 male and female mice after sciatic nerve crush (SNC) injury. The extent of axon regeneration in vivo was indistinguishable in male and female mice when observed at 3 days after SNC injury, and primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from injured, male and female mice extended axons to a similar length. Moreover, the induction of selected regeneration‐associated genes (RAGs), such as Atf3, Sprr1a, Gap43, Sox11, Jun, Gadd45a, and Smad1 were comparable in male and female DRGs when assessed by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the RNA‐seq analysis of male and female DRGs revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SNC groups compared to sham‐operated groups included many common genes associated with neurite outgrowth. However, we also found that a large number of genes in the DEGs were sex dependent, implicating the involvement of distinct gene regulatory network in the two sexes following peripheral nerve injury. In conclusion, we found that male and female mice mounted a comparable axon regeneration response and many RAGs were commonly induced in response to SNC. However, given that many DEGs were sex‐dependently expressed, future studies are needed to investigate whether they contribute to peripheral axon regeneration, and if so, to what extent.
This paper examines how environmental regulation affects the FDI strategies of parent firms in developing countries (the South) and developed countries (the North) when there are differences in the emission abatement technology between these countries. More lenient environmental regulations of developing countries are likely to attract more foreign capital inflows with higher risks for being pollution haven. As long as the emission abatement technology of the multinational corporations is superior to that of the South, lenient environment regulation to induce foreign capital inflows turns out to be the optimal policy. Also when social concerns about pollution are higher than the critical value, there is a tougher environmental regulation. Moreover, the welfare of developing country is maximized with the foreign capital inflows as joint-venture, suggesting higher incentive policies for joint-ventures with higher abatement technology. We also demonstrate that stricter environmental regulation is applied if the foreign firm invests as a monopoly firm instead of joint-venture. The larger market size of the developing economy also induces stricter regulation. for two-thirds of the total inward stock. Between that flow, only four mostly natural resources exporting countries-Angola, Equatorial Buinea, Sudan and Zambia-received over half of the total FDI into LDCs.
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