This study aimed to establish and reproduce transgenic pigs expressing human growth hormone (hGH) in their milk. We also aimed to purify hGH from the milk, to characterize the purified protein, and to assess the potential of our model for mass production of therapeutic proteins using transgenic techniques. Using~15.5 L transgenic pig milk, we obtained proteins with � 99% purity after three pre-treatments and five column chromatography steps. To confirm the biosimilarity of our milk-derived purified recombinant hGH (CGH942) with commercially available somatropin (Genotropin), we performed spectroscopy, structural, and biological analyses. We observed no difference between the purified protein and Genotropin samples. Furthermore, rat models were used to assess growth promotion potential. Our results indicate that CGH942 promotes growth, by increasing bone development and body weight. Toxicity assessments revealed no abnormal findings after 4 weeks of continuous administration and 2 weeks of recovery. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for both males and females was determined to be 0.6 mg/kg/day. Thus, no toxicological differences were observed between commercially available somatropin and CGH942 obtained from transgenic pig milk. In conclusion, we describe a transgenic technique using pigs, providing a new platform to produce human therapeutic proteins.
요 약 본 연구에서는 해수순환이 원활하지 않은 반폐쇄성 수역에서 수온약층과 빈산소수괴를 개선하고 부영양화로 인한 적조 발생을 방지하기 위한 기술로서 태양광 물 순환장치의 수질개선 효과를 파악하기 위해 기초실험을 실시하였다. 8 주간의 분석결과 수온의 경우 장치 가동 초기 표층이 27.9 o C, 저층이 23.8 o C로 뚜렷한 수온약층이 존재하였으나, 장치 가동 이후 표층과 저층 모두 22.1 o C로 수온약층이 사라졌다. DO농도는 장치 가동 초기 표층 5.49 mg/L, 저 층 2.61 mg/L로 농도 차이가 컸고, 저층에는 빈산소수괴가 존재하였다. 장치가동 8주 후 저층의 DO농도는 6.19 mg/ L로 빈산소 수괴가 개선됨과 동시에 수층 전체적으로 DO농도가 증가하였다. 8주간 장치의 순환과 더불어 계절적 영향으로 COD의 경우 수층 전체에 산소농도가 증가한 결과 표층이 5.61 mg/L에서 2.36 mg/L로, 저층의 경우 6.08 mg/L에서 1.73 mg/L로 감소하였다. 영양염류 중 용존무기질소의 경우 표층이 0.135 mg/L에서 0.050 mg/L로, 저층 이 0.076 mg/L에서 0.051 mg/L로 감소하였다. 본 연구는 7월부터 9월까지의 연구로 인하여 여름철에서 가을철의 계절적인 영향과 더불어 나타난 결과이므로 향후 실제적인 태양광 물 순환장치에 의한 개선 효율에 대한 추가적인 조사가 필요하며, 용존무기질소와 인의 농도가 감소는 하였으나 감소에 대한 구체적인 해석을 위해서 향후 클로로 필-a의 추가 실험이 요구된다.Abstract − This study was conducted to verify the performance of the solar water circulation apparatus that was installed in a semi-closed sea area of Tongyeong to improve the water quality through removing thermocline and oxygen depleted water mass, and to prevent the occurrence of red tides caused by eutrophication. From 8 weeks of experiments, we found that the thermocline in the semi-closed sea area has been removed gradually after installation of the apparatus. The initial temperature of surface and bottom was 27.9 o C and 23.8 o C, respectively and it was changed to 22.1 o C in both depth. In case of DO concentration, there was a big gap between surface (5.49 mg/L) and bottom (2.61 mg/L) and was an oxygen depleted water mass in the bottom area at initial. However DO concentration in bottom layer has increased gradually after operation (6.19 mg/L) and the oxygen depleted water mass has removed. Due to the effects of seasonal variation and the operation of the solar water circulation apparatus for 8 weeks, COD concentration decreased from 5.61 mg/L to 2.36 mg/ L in surface area, and from 6.08 mg/L to 1.73 mg/L in bottom area. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentration also decreased from 0.135 mg/L to 0.050 mg/L in surface area, and from 0.076 mg/L to 0.051 mg/L in bottom area. This research was conducted from July to September, and it might be possible that the variation of water quality was affected by both seasonal variation and the operation of the water circulation apparatus. Hence a † Corresponding author: kschoi@gnu.ac.kr 258 김덕길·이은경·김무찬·송성규·최광수 further research is required to verify the performance of the water circulation apparatus itself and to monitor dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations as well as Chl-a.
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