Quantitative analysis of the interfacial adhesion energy of Cu-Cu thermocompression bonds was performed using the four-point bending method with various wet pretreatment conditions. The evaluated interfacial adhesion energies for 1-lm-thick Cu bonding layers were 0.29 J/m 2 , 1.28 J/m 2 , 1.64 J/m 2 , 1.17 J/m 2 , and 0.43 J/m 2 for different acetic acid pretreatment times of 0 min, 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min, respectively. There exists an optimum wet etch time for maximum adhesion strength. The change of surface properties with increasing wet etch time was believed to result in the variation of the interfacial adhesion energy. The decrease in interfacial adhesion energy after 5 min seems to result from a decrease in the plastic dissipation energy during interfacial crack propagation with thinner Cu film thickness caused by overetching.
Brown alga Saccharina japonica was pyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor under conditions intended to maximize the yield of bio-oil and bio-char. The results revealed that the product distribution of bio-oil, bio-char, and gas was considerably influenced by the pyrolysis temperature (430-530 o C) and holding time (4-10 min). The maximum yields of bio-oil and bio-char were approximately 48.4 and 32.3 wt%, respectively, when prepared at 450 o C for 8 min with a carrier gas flow rate of 2.2 cm/s. The fuel properties of dewatered S. japonica bio-oil (DSB) included higher heating value (HHV), kinematic viscosity, density, moisture and ash content, pH, and flash and pour point. The possibility of blending 5-20 vol% DSB with No. 6 fuel oil (Bunker C oil) was also examined. The physicochemical properties of the bio-char exhibited decreased carbon and HHV, and increased inorganic elements and surface area, with increasing pyrolysis temperature.
Novel double-metal cyanide (DMC) complex catalysts were prepared with various precursors of cobalt or nickel and zinc with potassium cyanide. In the presence of an alcohol initiator, but in the absence of an organic-binding ligand, the catalysts were highly active for the polymerization of alkyl-or alkenyl-substituted epoxides to produce poly(ether polyol)s. The polymer obtained from propylene oxide showed a more isotactic structure than did the polymer made from nonselective conventional catalysts. The influence of different reaction variables were examined, including the ratio of the initiator to the substrate, the presence of a protonic agent, the temperature, as well as the concentration of the catalyst and the solvent.
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